No 6 (2022)

Introduction. Currently, researchers are attracted by the work of the authors of the so-called “second” series, whose literary creations have been unjustly forgotten. What is still important is the role played by these works in the literary process of their time. Material and methods. The material of the study was the story of M. S. Zhukova “Dacha on the Petergof road” and “Princess Mary” by M. Yu. Lermontov, as well as the literary context of that time. The research methods were gender analysis, structural-typological approach, biographical method. Results and discussion. The plot and textual analysis of “female” prose showed not only the correlation of the main images and plot motifs of M. S. Zhukova with the previous literature, but the originality of the presentation of the author’s material. In the context of the emerging movement for women’s rights, the writer tried to bring to public discussion the issues of family and marriage, the role of women in society. Not being able to raise these topics directly, the female author uses certain stylistic devices (italics, ellipsis, question marks, exclamation marks), author’s digressions within the plot. Very often she uses hidden quotes and reminiscences to the works of famous authors (A. S. Pushkin, V. A. Zhukovsky, M. Yu. Lermontov). Her traditional, at first glance, main characters acquire a different semantic load. The male image created by the writer, having the external features of a classic hero-lover (former hussar, prince, guardsman), turns out to be a “grand seigneur”, i.e. a man only pretending to be a gentleman. M. Zhukova also shows a different view of marriage of convenience, when the cynical and strong-willed heiress to a wealthy fortune herself arranges a family union-deal with the prince. Conclusion. The echo of romantic literature is the provincial Zoya, whose madness becomes an indicator of the heroine’s lack of viability in the modern world. Thus, the storyline in the writer’s work becomes more complex, the literary idea merges with life, and secondary characters have not only a connecting function, having received their further development in subsequent works of realist writers.

Introduction. The research is carried out within the framework of the theory of functional grammar and is aimed at studying semantic features of concessive relations and specialized means of their expression in Russian. The formal and substantial variability of concessionary constructions is noted, and an assumption of stylistic heterogeneity of language units expressing the semantics of concession is suggested.Material and methods. In spite of the research of concessionality, including its representation as a constituent part of the conditionality field, the semantics of concession and its expressive means have not been previously examined from the aspect of functional and stylistic usage. The formal, semantic and stylistic variation of concessionary units, conditioned by communicative settings and linguistic features of scientific style, are studied. The texts of the nuclear genre of scientific discourse – 3708 scientific articles of different thematic orientation, published in ranked Russian journals – were used as the material.Results and discussion. Scientific works devoted to the linguistic expression of concessive relations in Russian demonstrate the complexity and heterogeneity of this type of semantics and different ways of its expression. The analysis of concessive constructions in scientific articles on philology, history, biology, engineering and information science and economics shows that complex sentences with the conjunctions despite/disregarding that, but, however, although, as well as simple sentences with the prepositions despite/disregarding, despite, regardless of, etc., can be considered as special means of expressing these meanings in scientific language. On the basis of the quantitative data obtained, the article presents the percentage ratio of concessionary units in scientific articles on different topics and reveals the productive means of expressing the concession for each topic. From the point of view of the concession field, the most typical particular meanings of the concession (concessive-predicative, concessive-restrictive and real-concessive) and the absence of other meanings realized in other styles of the Russian language (concessive-predicative, concessive-retributive and reinforced-concessive meanings) were revealed. Conclusion. As a result of the study the average indicator of concessionary relations in the articles on different topics of scientific style was established, the substantive, formal and stylistic variation of concessionary units was noted, the correlation between the thematic focus of the articles under consideration and certain means of expressing concession was revealed, which requires further study.

Introduction. Terminology of IT-sphere is one of the most dynamically developing term systems. It is mainly explained by rapid technological progress in this sphere that encourages new nominations and clarification of the already existing terms. It is noteworthy that traditional one-component terms fail to meet the demands of the nomination process, as they are not able to reflect the complexity of new technical phenomena. As a result, multicomponent terms being capable of clear nominations start to numerously appear in computer terminology. At the same time, the structure and complicated meaning of multicomponent terms raise certain problems with their translation to other languages concerning the use of a variety of transformations.The aim of the research is to reveal the ways of translation of multicomponent terms belonging to IT-sphere from English into Russian taking into consideration their structural and semantic characteristics.Material and methods. The material of the research includes 500 English multicomponent terms of IT-sphere and 500 their Russian equivalents taken from the computer terms dictionary by I. V. Baratov through the method of continuous sampling. The study also uses the method of structural-semantic and translational analysis.Results and discussion. Multi-component terms in the field of information technology can be divided into three groups depending on the number of components, determined by the number of elements expressed by meaningful parts of speech: three-, four- and five-component terms. Three-component terms are the most numerous group, which is due to the desire of any language to save, only two five-component terms were found, so it is not possible to talk about the patterns of their translation.While studying the ways of translation of 3-component terms it was noted that the translator always tends to preserve the structure and meaning of the original term using calquing of the whole multicomponent term or some of its elements (44 % of cases). At the same time due to the typological differences between the English and Russian languages the translator has to resort to grammar transformations in the Russian language such as changing the order of the components, using cases and prepositions, changing parts of speech. As for the lexical transformations apart from calquing the translator uses lexical addition in case of necessary clarification of term components or description when the phenomenon denoted by the term does not exist in the Russian language. In 13 % of cases the translator resorts to equivalent when the Russian language has a shorter but capacious term expressing the same meaning as the multicomponent English term. In translation of 3-component terms in at least 13 % of cases the translator manages to preserve the structure of the original English term changing only the parts of speech of some components in case of 4-component and 5-component terms inversion or changing of the general order of the components turns out to be the key transformation. Among lexical transformations calquing of certain components, lexical addition, equivalent translation and description are used. Conclusion. The analysis of the ways of translation of multicomponent terms of IT-sphere from English into Russian revealed the dependence of grammar transformations on the typological characteristics of the languages. For example, English collocations are marked by regressive structure and post-position of the main word with an adjointment as the typical type of syntactic connection, while in the Russian language the collocations are built according to progressive structure with the preposition of the main word and government as a syntactic connection. As a result, the transformations while translating multicomponent terms from English into Russian manly include a change in the order of components, the use of cases and prepositions, and a change in parts of speech. Even in a small number of 3-component terms, it is possible to preserve the original structure of the term by replacing the parts of speech of the dependent word (a noun with an adjective) to form a collocation with an agreement as a type of syntactic connection. As for lexical transformations, among them the most commonly used are calque of one or all components of a phrase, clarification, transliteration (mainly one or two components), lexical addition and description as a lexico-grammatical transformation.It is necessary to note that due to the complexity of the structure and meaning of the multicomponent terms their adequate translation is only possible using a set of ways and methods of translation.

Introduction. Teaching Russian in secondary school, speech development and the formation of spelling and punctuation skills is an important task that involves a number of difficulties. Effective study of the Russian language in a secondary school is often hindered by factors such as poor perseverance, lack of interest in the subject, bilingualism, and more. Russian Russian spelling rules algorithmized representation method is considered in this paper, which allows to improve the quality of teaching Russian to middle and senior school students. The purpose is to substantiate the effectiveness of the algorithm method in teaching the Russian language to children of secondary schools, to consider approximate models of training algorithms. Material and methods. Theoretical methods (modeling, analysis, synthesis) were used in the work; empirical methods (observation, comparison, experiment).Results and discussion. Simple memorizing of the rules does not always lead to increased literacy of students. The algorithm method provides for the joint compilation of algorithmic schemes of various types with students, which illustrate the rule being studied, allow you to work out the mechanism of reasoning step by step when performing spelling and punctuation tasks. This approach contributes to the achievement of a high quality of knowledge through the systematic development of practical skills with the help of schemes adapted to the needs of each child. The training algorithm can have different types: from a clearly formulated scheme (similar to a mathematical example) up to a colorful illustration that will be understandable to children with creative abilities.Conclusion. The algorithm method can be applied to study almost any rule of Russian spelling and punctuation. In the scheme created jointly with the students, there should be a place for exceptions and for examples that the child will enter independently. When creating a training scheme, the student is an active co-author. A circuit is never a closed system. It is being refined and improved in the process of practical activity of students. For children from the same class, the schemes can be completely different, as they have been improved and finalized independently.

Introduction. The article attempts to determine the specifics of the “Assembly Instructions” genre, which combines engineering and didactic components. Its purpose is to regulate the work of engineering teachers in the classroom with students of different ages. Previously, the texts of this genre were not the subject of scientific research, despite the fact that the instruction as a genre is described within the framework of IT-discourse, pedagogical discourse, teaching, engineering. However, for the first time, assembly instructions are the subject of research in engineering and didactic discourse.Material and methods. The selection of texts of the “Assembly instructions” genre was carried out on the basis of methodological materials of the international school of engineering and robotics “School of Digital Technologies” in the amount of 25 documents describing the process of assembling structures within the framework of the engineering robotics program for students of different ages (the average volume of each document is 15 pages, about 375 pages of text in total). As the main methodological model, the model of the speech genre of T. V. Shmeleva. Analysis methods: textological, quantitative, comparative analysis to identify signs of genre hybridization.Results and discussion. The paper describes the genre of “Assembly Instructions” according to seven genre-forming features: describes the means of expressing an informational and imperative communicative goal through the nomination of documents, headings, a list of necessary materials for assembling the structure and the main text; the means of describing the implicit image of the author are highlighted, such as the use of professional vocabulary and the translation of the position of “seniority”; the language markers of the direct and indirect addressee are listed, including direct nominations and deminatives; ways of describing the dictum in the algorithm for assembling structures are given; formulated approaches to creating an image of the past and future through imperative constructions and modal predicates; the means of organizing the composition of texts and the influence of compositional instability on the volume of elements from didactic and engineering discourse are described; specific forms of linguistic embodiment, including discursive formulas, are highlighted. Separately, for each feature, the means of linguistic expression of genre hybridity are described.Conclusion. The main and specific features of the “Assembly Instructions” genre of engineering and didactic discourse are shown, such as the author’s soft imperative position, the use of words in the category of state and verbs in the 1st person plural in the sense of compatibility, and a number of others.

Introduction. Roman F. M. Dostoevsky’s “The Adolescent” is defined by many researchers as a novel of education. If the relationship between Versilov and Arkady is comprehensively covered in the research literature, then another aspect of parental love – maternal – seems to be insufficiently studied. Although some scientists (N. A. Tarasova, N. A. Kladova, E. A. Ivanova) indirectly touched on this topic, it has not yet become the subject of independent study.Aim of the article is to consider the images of heroines-mothers Sofia Andreevna Dolgorukaya and Daria Onisimovna in the novel by F. M. Dostoevsky’s “The Adolescent”.Material and methods. The material of the study is Dostoevsky’s novel “The Adolescent”. With the help of structural-semiotic, motivic and comparative methods, the specificity of the author’s embodiment of the artistic images of mothers is traced from the idea and drafts to the final text, the role of maternal images of Sofya Andreevna Dolgoruky and Darya Onisimovna (Nastasya Egorovna) in the process of raising Arkady, Liza and Olya is analyzed.Results and discussion. The key images embodying the images of mothers and children are Sofya Andreevna Dolgorukaya and her children, Arkady and Lisa, as well as Daria Onisimovna and her daughter Olya. In the artistic conception of the novel, maternal love is presented as an effective way to overcome the spiritual illness of a nation, an individual family and each of its members. Thirst for a significant life goal, youthful maximalism, denial of the experience and values of previous generations, supposedly “guilt” of parents for insufficient success or personal qualities of a Teenager are typical age-related features of personality development. The immaturity of the unsettled personality of a Teenager can be overcome and healed in the family. Through overcoming selfishness and vanity, realizing himself as an integral part of his family, the young man finds his way, his individuality. Moreover, the leading role in the formation of a teenager is maternal. Through the understanding and acceptance by the “holy mother” of the shortcomings and mistakes of a child of any age, the sources of love are gradually opened and the model of family behavior is inherited as a sacred moral norm that ensures the stability and integrity of an adult personality.In addition, the article reveals the process of mutual influence in the system of «mother – child» relations both within the family and in a wider social context. The writer emphasizes the negative role of tragic events in the spiritual transformation of the artistic images of mothers, depicting the suffering of a woman who lost her baby (Liza) and the suicide of her daughter (Daria Onisimovna).Conclusion. In the novel “The Adolescent” Dostoevsky depicts two types of motherly love. The first type of merciful and all-accepting love is embodied by Sofya Andreevna. Her love influenced Arkady’s way of thinking, transformed his soul and revealed to him the value of family relationships, the unconditionality of parental love. In the relationship between Liza and her mother, as in the case of the relationship between Arkady and Sofya Andreevna, love became saving, brought comfort in grief, helped to survive suffering and grow spiritually. The second, opposite, type of hypertrophied love-passion for the child is realized in the relationship between Darya Onisimovna and Olya. Such love is initially destructive, devoid of a Christian basis, as a result of which the maternal image is transformed as an artistic integrity: the place of Darya Onisimovna is replaced by the shadow of the heroine – Nastasya Egorovna.

Introduction. This article examines cultural isolation as a form of poetic behavior by Georgy Shengeli, one of the representatives of “Moscow Acmeism” of the first half of the 20th century, consciously chosen by the poet as a reaction to the ideological pressure of the Soviet state in the field of literary policy.The purpose is to trace the formation of this author’s strategy, its causes and reflection in the poet’s lyrics.Material and methods. The methodology of research assumes a literary interpretation of lyrical texts based on the aesthetics and poetics of Acmeism, using the method of intertextual analysis and comparative method of analysis of the poetic text, involving historical commentary.Results and discussion. Georgy Shengeli’s lyrics have rarely attracted the attention of literary critics for the analysis of their poetics; our study is designed to consider the influence of Acmeism on the poetic fabric of texts from different periods of the author’s work, to discover the similarity of the aesthetic and outlook of the poet to the emigrant lyrics, the main theme of which was nostalgia, caused by the forced cultural isolation.Conclusion. Georgy Shengeli’s lyrics fully reflect the strategy of cultural isolation chosen by the poet as the only possible option for creative existence at a time of active promotion of official Soviet art. The poet regarded his “departure” into the world of Culture as a mission for its preservation, voluntarily undertaken as an heir to the Silver Age of Russian poetry. Shengeli, who knew the first generation of great names of the early 20th century, considered as his duty to continue his work as a younger and one of the last in the cohort of poets who did not leave their homeland in the throes of its tragic trials. His experience of forced “retreat into the literary underground” was akin to the emigrant experience of refugee poets resulting from the separation from their native cultural soil. The obvious affinity is largely explained by the commonality of the “cultural womb” of Acmeism, which nurtured Shengeli and his fellow emigrants. The idea of preserving the traditions of Russian literature in the Word unites the poets who live on different sides of the border, and once again proves the vagueness of these borders for a united great Russian culture.