Vol 45, No 1 (2019)

The possibility of using low-pentosan grain fodder rye in the baking industry was determined. Baking properties of grain of new grain fodder rye cultivars Bereginya, Novaya Era, Vavilovskaya, Yantarnaya, Krasnoyarskaya Universalnaya, and Podarok with a low content (0.5–0.8%) of water-soluble pentosans in comparison with baking high-pentosan (1.7–2%) cultivars Ilmen and Era were studied. The results of laboratory baking indicate that sourdough and dough made from flour of the grain fodder low-pentosan rye have similar values ​​of acidity and lifting force compared to the control baking cultivar Ilmen. The form-stability of the bread baked from flour of the standard baking rye cultivar Era and the grain fodder cultivar Novaya Era was the same, 0.36.

The evaluation results of the degree and frequency of transgression and the degree of phenotypic dominance of spring barley (Hordeum) hybrids F₂ by productivity elements as a result of saturating crosses are presented. Studies were conducted in the Laboratory of Cereal Crops Breeding in Primorsky Research Institute of Agriculture from 2011 until 2017. Based on the analysis of the morphogenetic process in hybrid populations F₂ of spring barley, it was established that plant productivity in multirow forms is determined by the productive tillering and the grain content in the spike. As a result, transgressive F₂ hybrid combinations of spring barley were distinguished by the main elements of productivity. The highest degree of transgression (Td) was noted for productive tillering in the combination (Vostochny × Omsky 85) × Omsky 85 (120.0%), the number of grains from the main spike was observed in the combination (Primorsky 44 × Ken Pi 2) × Ken Pi 2 (29.6%), and the seed weight per plant was observed in the combination (Primorsky 89 × 03N5) × 03N5 (138.4%).

The methods of isolated tissue cultures allowing production and rapid propagation of the sugar beet plant material with improved or new traits are described in the presented study. It was shown that the proposed original scheme of mass reproduction and in vitro deposition of elite plants—components of highly productive hybrids—can be used for the production of seeds with improved quality. The technology of in vitro selective selections carried out under abiotic stress conditions allows for the production of sugar beet isogenic lines with high resistance to external environment abiotic factors (salinization, drought, soil acidity). The effect of certain factors of in vitro culture on haploid cells of sugar beet ovules allowed production of doubled haploid lines (DH) with high homozygosity level and qualitative seeds of highly productive hybrid components. The developed technologies based on biotechnological methods are a preferred and innovative direction of research in modern science, since the introduction of these developments in the breeding process will contribute to the production of competitive hybrids with a set of desired economic traits.

With an ensemble of tubulins in plants using gravitational mass spectroscopy (GMS), the dynamics of domains in the region of tubulin coil oscillations (43–60 kDa) in onion roots was searched. At the ends of roots, the signals from six tubulin oscillators with masses of 43.288, 46.231, 49.412, 52.698, 55.940, and 59.433 kDa were detected. They were then compared with those in the side part of the roots, both in the biomatrix (in vivo) and in the dehydrated root samples. These domains were found to be mostly in the expanded forms. The influence of external sound frequencies being identical with the oscillation frequencies of these domains (1337 ± 1 Hz) forced the domains to accept the collapsed conformations (after 15 min) and, thereby, stop the growth of the roots. A microtubule model based on six kinds of tubulins and water clusters and also a model for blocking the growth of the end with collapsed coils of proteins were given.

Organic matter incorporation into soil act as nutrients reservoir which frequently supply minerals and nutrients to plant and optimizing yield. Humic acid act as a bio-stimulants which improve biological and chemo-physical properties of the soil. In this context an experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different levels of nitrogen and humic acid application on the yield and yield component of mungbean at Palato Farm of the University of Agriculture Peshawar, Amir Muhammad Khan Campus Mardan during summer 2012. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and plot size was kept 3 × 4 m. The experiment was consisted on two levels of nitrogen (20 kg and 40 kg ha^–1) and four levels of humic acid (3, 6, 9, and 12 kg ha^–1). Mungbean variety “NCM 213” was sown on a well prepared clay loam soil. Effect of nitrogen and humic acid was found significant for number of plants m^–2, plant height (cm), number of leaves plant^–1, pods length (cm), numbers of seeds pod^–1, number of pods plants^–1, thousand seed weight, seed yield and for harvest index. Interaction between N and HA was found significant for some of the parameters and non-significant for the rest. Control plots (un fertilized) resulted lower in all measured parameters as compared to the rest plots (fertilized plots).

The influence of oil and lead contamination of ordinary chernozem on the growth and development of spring barley (Priazovskii-9 breed) is studied in field microplot model experiments. It is shown that the content of lead in this soil at the rate of up to 500 mg/kg above the background level does not cause a significant decrease in the morphometric plant parameters; on the contrary, it proved to be even highly stimulating to vegetative and generative organs in some variants of the experiment. At the same time, the amount of lead was elevated in straw and barley grain when its content was at a level of 25 mg/kg above the background level in the soil, which makes this barley dangerous for consumption. A significant negative effect of oil on plants was observed at a dose from 1% of soil mass; its 10% content in soil completely inhibited seed germination. The generative organs of barley proved to be no less sensitive to chemical soil contamination than vegetative organs. The accumulation of lead was higher in barley straw than in the grain; however, the coefficient of lead accumulation increased more rapidly in barley grain than in barley straw with increase in the content of this heavy metal in soil. The amount of lead that entered from the vegetative organs into barley grain was 1.7–4.1 times higher in the lead-contaminated soil than in the noncontaminated soil.

Based on the data of long-term field experience, the effect of the initial state of cultivation on the development of the current processes in soil formation that lead to a change in their agrochemical parameters has been observed on fallow agro-podzolic clay-loam soils. It was found that the overgrowth of arable sod-podzolic soils of different cultivation status contributes to the differentiation of the postagrogenic arable horizon into two sublayers. The sod process of soil formation goes in the upper 0–10-cm layer, which leads to an increase in the content of organic matter and the amount of exchange bases; podsolization took place in the lower layer (10–20 cm), causing a decrease in humus content and an increase in acidity. Excessive and high initial cultivation accelerates the process of differentiation of postagrogenic horizon to sublayers. The level of the arable layer’s amelioration status achieved in the previous years was the same even in the third year of wild revegetation.

The article presents findings of the research with respect to rice cultivation with drip irrigation systems, which contribute to higher profitability due to significant decrease in irrigation rates. It has been found that successful introduction of the recommended innovative water-saving technology for crop irrigation without flooding requires the availability of aerobic varieties or varieties tolerant to unsaturated soils; planting on fields where weed vegetation has been removed, while using integrated weed management system if necessary; and optimal balance of soil water regime and fertilizer rates calculated for the targeted crop yield. We determined the most rational water regime with the soil moisture not less than 80% FC starting with sowing until the end of the tillering stage in a layer of 0.4 m with its subsequent extension to 0.6 m. The antecedent moisture threshold should be reduced from 80 to 70% during the early dough (“waxy ripeness”) stage due to a decreased average daily water use by the plants. To maintain the soil water regime according to the scheme with drip irrigation systems during the years with different total precipitation amounts and their distribution, 13–16 water applications are needed, including 2–5 with the rate of 250 m³/ha, 8–10 with the rate of 370 m³/ha, and 1 with the rate of 550 m³/ha. Combination of this water regime and fertilizer dose application ensures a rice yield of 5 t/ha with a subsequent 3-year average increase by 2.6% in the presence of N₁₀₉P₆₂K₇₅ fertilizer, rice yield of 6 t/ha with the increase by 1.8% in the presence of N₁₃₁P₇₄K₉₀ fertilizer, and 7 t/ha with 1.9% shortfall to targeted level in the presence of N₁₅₇P₉₀K₁₀₈ fertilizer.

The efficiency of feed mixes with organic and inorganic iron complex compounds (204 g/t of ferrous sulfate and 200 g/t of Bioplex Iron premix) and 467 g/t Bioplex Iron premix has been ascertained during surveys with growing pigs. This allowed increasing the average daily liveweight gains by 3.9 and 7.2% in the experimental groups compared to the control group and to reduce the production costs of feeds, proteins, and the metabolic energy per product unit. It was found that the animals in the experimental groups surpassed the control young pigs in the body preslaughter weight, the chilled carcass weight, and the slaughter yield by 3.9 and 5.0%, 4.6 and 7.9, and 0.5 and 2.0%, respectively. The largest loin eye size (6.0% larger) was in the young pigs fed the diets with organic iron compound. The increases in the iron deposition in the liver, the spleen, the small intestine, and the stomach by 29.6, 45.6, 42.0, and 85.8%, respectively, were recorded. The histological studies proved a high physiological status of the internal organs providing the main functions of digestion and absorption of the nutrients with increasing the bioactive compound in the feed mixes for the growing pigs. The dietary supplements, which could contain both organic iron in complex with its mineral form and pure organic iron compounds, improved the profitability of pork production by 4.7 and 8.3%, respectively.

The pancreatic secretory response to the Garlic allicin dietary supplement under the conditions of an experiment with chickens implanted with pancreatic duct chronic fistulas has been studied. The results prove that the amylolytic and proteolytic activities increase the secretion at 1 mL in chickens in the test period (8 days). However, there is no significant change in the total volume of juice for 180 minutes. The analysis of the adaptation mechanism in the postprandial phase indicates an enzyme activity increase in the complex reflective cycle caused by both the receptors responding to the food tastes and the conditioned reflex factors. The adaptation developed within 8 days is associated with a sharp (twofold) increase in the proteolytic activity on the third day and the following proteinase activity decrease up to the initial rate of the enzyme activity.

The objective of the survey was to study the corrective effect of the Gentabiferon-S preparation on the immune status of the weaned piglets and its effectiveness in prevention of intestinal infections. A positive effect of the preparation on the morphological and immunological variables expressing the increased levels was ascertained. The red blood cell count, the relative lymphocyte count, the relative and absolute T–lymphocyte counts, the relative and absolute B-cell counts, the complement system activity, the lysozyme level, the neutrophil phagocytic activity, the number of phagocytes, the phagocytic index, the spontaneous and stimulated NBT test, the neutrophil activation reserve and index, and the amount of total immunoglobulins increased by 10.8, 16.5, 16.8 and 14.0%, 21.0 and 20.0%, 23.5, 66.8, 15.9, 38.2, 16.2, 11.0 and 21.7%, 13.3 and 17.1%, and 9.7%, respectively. A high (100%) effectiveness of the preparation in prevention of the intestinal infections is ensured by the presence of the antibiotic with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and the porcine recombinant alpha and gamma interferon.

The mixing homogeneity of mixed fodders’ basic ingredients with mineral, vitamin, and medicinal preparations is extremely significant since it provides up to one third of the increase in productivity of livestock and poultry. In international practice, the homogeneity of components' distribution is estimated by the coefficient of variation V_c, where V_c < 3% is excellent quality of a mixture, 3% < V_c < 4% is good quality, and 4% < V_c < 5% is satisfactory quality. In order to achieve these values, the fluidized bed mixing method is proposed; it is carried out in three stages in the proposed apparatus containing a chopper-mixer for the primary premix preparation, where the ratio of premix to filler is 1 : 1 or 1 : 3. The first stage is a mixing period of 40–60 s; the resulting mixture is then discharged to a main mixer, the filler is added in a 1 : 50 ratio, and they are mixed for 2–3 min, which is the second stage; at the third stage, all filler (mixed fodder) is added, and they are mixed for 3–4 min. The apparatus has been tested in production conditions—it has shown the mixing homogeneity of 94–95% that corresponds to the coefficient of variation V_c of 4–6% and 7–15% in the applied mixers.