Том 16, № 1 (2025)

Background. The new wave of revolution in the field of information technology has posed many new challenges to higher education. In the context of the collision of traditional concepts of learning and modern technologies “artificial intelligence + learning”, a new model of smart learning has emerged. At the same time, the integration of artificial intelligence technologies into teaching has given rise to certain problems, the solution of which is urgent, and the main factor that helps to solve them is the formation of a quality level of teaching in the conditions of using SMART-technologies.

Purpose. This study aims to identify ways and means to optimize teaching methods in China's higher education institutions in the transition to intelligent teaching with the application of artificial intelligence. The objectives are: to analyze the current problems in the implementation of intelligent teaching with the use of artificial intelligence in universities; to identify on the basis of comparison of empirical and theoretical data the optimal ways of building intelligent teaching (on the example of teaching general education subjects at Heihe University); to present the direction of concrete steps to solve the problems arising in universities

Materials and methods. The materials were scientific publications of Russian and Chinese specialists of recent years, as well as empirical data collected by the author at Heihe University). The process of teaching general education subjects was chosen for analysis because of their focus on the formation of the general development of students, the ability to be in society, and the foundation for mastering specialized subjects. The following methods were applied: general theoretical analysis of scientific literature in order to identify the degree of study of the issue; empirical methods of material collection, which formed the basis for analyzing the process of smart learning, and finally the method of system analysis was applied for the final conclusions.

Results. In the context of the application of artificial intelligence, in terms of teaching environment, teaching model, teaching staff formation and evaluation mechanism, the practical strategies of intelligent teaching of general education subjects in higher education institutions, which are designed to make teaching more targeted, student learning more personalized, and management methods in higher education institutions more scientific, are discussed by analyzing the teaching process of general education subjects at Heihe University. The article emphasizes the importance for the teacher not only to objectively approach the assessment of learning outcomes, but also to analyze the emerging problems in order to solve them in practice. Practical recommendations for transforming the teaching process during the transition from traditional to smart learning are given, which, in the author's opinion, can optimize the teaching process as a whole, applicable to all disciplines.

Background. Spiritual and moral education of students is one of the key tasks of modern higher education, especially in the context of globalization and rapidly changing social values. The relevance of the study is due to the need to analyze and systematize existing approaches to spiritual and moral education in higher education both in Russia and abroad. In the conditions of modern society, where the need for specialists possessing not only professional competencies, but also high moral qualities is increasing, spiritual and moral education is becoming the most important factor in the preparation of competitive and socially responsible graduates.

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the most effective methods and practices of spiritual and moral education of students based on a comparative analysis of domestic and foreign experience. The study is supposed to analyze the theoretical foundations, study the experience of Russian and foreign universities, and formulate recommendations for improving the system of spiritual and moral education in higher education.

Materials and methods. The work uses methods of theoretical analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis of educational practices, as well as empirical methods: questionnaires of students and interviews with teachers from Russian and foreign universities. The empirical base of the study includes data from sociological surveys, materials from expert interviews, official statistics and the results of the analysis of spiritual and moral education programs implemented in leading universities in Russia and other countries.

Results. The results of the study showed that the most effective are integrative approaches that combine traditional values ​​​​with modern educational technologies. It was revealed that successful practices of spiritual and moral education include: the introduction of specialized courses on ethics and philosophy, the organization of volunteer activities, the creation of student discussion clubs, as well as the integration of ethical components into professional disciplines. It was found that foreign experience is characterized by greater secularism and an emphasis on civic responsibility, while the domestic approach is more often based on traditional spiritual values. A conclusion was made about the need to develop a comprehensive model of spiritual and moral education adapted to Russian realities, but taking into account the best world practices.

Background. The relationship between thinking styles and language learning has long attracted the attention of scientists from various scientific fields. However, in recent years, this interest has become particularly relevant due to the development of the information space and multiculturalism. The need to revise traditional approaches to language learning is due to the qualitative changes occurring in the modern world.

The purpose of the present study is to actualize the concepts of interdependence between studying and learning a foreign language and different thinking styles.

Materials and Methods. In this work, a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used, namely, the use of questionnaires to determine thinking styles, including those developed by R. Bramson and A. Harrison, followed by interviews for a deeper understanding of the experiences of students with different styles, interviews, focus groups, observation, in-depth testing. All of this made it possible to obtain a complete and balanced picture of the influence of thinking styles on English language learning.

Results. The analysis showed that different thinking styles have a significant impact on foreign language learning. We found that different thinking styles, such as analytical, intuitive, creative, and others, have a significant impact on the choice and use of language tools. Differentiated methods for teaching professional English, based on accounting for individual thinking styles, were developed and tested. The proposed methods allow for the adaptation of educational materials to the cognitive characteristics of students. For learners with an analytical thinking style, tasks involving detailed analysis and systematization of information are most effective. Students with an intuitive thinking style can benefit from case studies and role-playing games that require quick decision-making. Creative students enjoy working on projects related to idea generation and unconventional solutions. Students with a logical thinking style tend to excel in tasks involving the construction of logical chains and data analysis. At the same time, it is important to combine various thinking styles in complex assignments, such as developing business cases where students with different thinking styles work in groups, allowing them to develop skills they may lack. The analysis of results demonstrates the necessity of considering individual thinking styles when studying a language and developing communication strategies. In the context of higher education, this topic allows for the development of more modern teaching methods based on the individual cognitive characteristics of students, which contributes to improving the effectiveness of the educational process.

Background. The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that one of the most effective ways to ensure access to education, maintain social interaction and student engagement, despite geographical separation, is hybrid learning. A review of Russian and foreign literature revealed a common mistake of identifying it with mixed learning, which necessitated a thorough study of the issue. The conducted research allowed us to establish that hybrid learning is characterized by a number of problems, including personal incompatibility with the learning format, technical difficulties, the level of digital, informational, methodological and psychological preparedness of both teachers and students. The practical significance of the research is to contribute to solving the pedagogical problem of developing effective learning scenarios by forming the right approach to determining the essence of hybrid learning.

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze the features, problems and advantages of using hybrid learning models in higher education.

Materials and methods. In the course of the study, using methods of comparative analysis and synthesis, the authors identified key aspects of the category "hybrid learning", formulated its own interpretation. The most common models of hybrid education in universities are considered. Within the framework of the study, the authors pay special attention to the advantages and difficulties of the transition to hybrid learning models: through the methods of scientific generalization, deduction and decomposition, both common aspects characteristic of all forms of learning using distance learning technologies and those peculiar only to the hybrid format are revealed.

Results. It is established that its effectiveness is determined primarily by two groups of limiting factors: the technical equipment of the educational process and the willingness of teachers to significantly transform the learning scenario and increase the complexity of conducting classes due to the need for special training and simultaneous work with full-time and remote audiences.

Background. The transition to a new technological system brings greater relevance to engineering education. The requirements for the training of future engineers include universal and professional competencies and the formation of a specialist who can ensure the safety of industrial production and timely reduction of risk factors. This creates the need to implement risk-oriented training of future engineers.

Purpose.  Analysis of scientific approaches to professional development of engineering specialists with risk competences.

Materials and methods. The research methods used were general-knowledge level (inductive-deductive analysis, concretisation and generalization) and specific-science level (systematization and generalisation of concepts, content analysis).

Results. The training of engineers in managing occupational and technological risks is an objective necessity, on the one hand due to the government’s related to creating conditions for the professional development of specialists in the field of industrial safety management, on the other hand, accelerating the development of Industry 4.0, which intensifies technological processes and increases the risk of man-made accidents. The introduction of a risk-based approach to university activities, content and structure provides the basis for developing the risk preparedness of engineers and other professionals. The implementation of the safety engineer training programmes is based on the developed regulatory framework (federal laws and regulations, ISO standards).  Risk-oriented professional development includes training of future engineers and shaping their competency risks. The author notes that the development of risk management skills in the area of professional and technological risk management is carried out as part of an active and interactive learning process using digital tools. The practical value of the study is related to the disclosure of the main directions of professional development of future engineers, oriented on risk. 

Background. The priority of practical training in the higher education system is determined by the need of the tourism and hospitality industry for qualified personnel who are able to keep up with the times and work in modern conditions. In this regard, an important task of higher education institutions is to improve the education system, including traditional approaches. One of the main tasks is the timely updating of curricula and programs, namely the introduction of relevant disciplines, increasing the level of practical training, and the use of new technologies in teaching. Also, a priority in the development of the education system should be the continuous improvement of the quality of teaching and training. At the moment, the key direction for the development of the education system in Russian universities is the organization of practical training of students.

Purpose. To identify the reasons for the inefficient organization of the process of practical training of students for the tourism and hospitality industry, as well as to offer recommendations for their elimination.

Materials and methods. The paper uses systematic, competence-based and professionographic approaches for the model of organizing practical training of students in the tourism and hospitality industry; the main methods for research are statistical method, analytical method (documentary, comparative).

Results. As a result of the conducted research, the conditions for the organization of effective practical training of students in the tourism and hospitality industry are determined. The study analyzes the current state of practical education in the tourism and hospitality industry in the Russian Federation, identifies factors affecting the low level of practical training, examines the relationship between students' practical experience and their ability to find work in the training profile, analyzes the reasons for the low effectiveness of practical training at the university. Based on the analysis, the conditions for the effective organization of practical training of students in the tourism and hospitality industry are proposed: the interaction of universities with employers from the real sector of the economy, the development of practical skills of teachers, changing the structure of educational programs in the direction of logical interaction of theory and practice, increasing the duration of practice in the structure of the educational process. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the analysis of the current situation of the organization of practical training of students and the identification of criteria for the effectiveness of this process.

Background. The problem of achieving objectivity while grading students’ papers is constantly under discussion in the pedagogical community. In this respect the issue of teachers’ qualification is sure to come to the foreground. However, scientific interest may arise in studying other, both subjective and objective, factors that could induce the teacher to downgrade, as well as upgrade the student’s mark.

Purpose. This study aims to reveal such factors that affect objectivity of grading and determine the degree of their impact on the teacher.

Materials and methods. The impetus for this article was the book “Noise. A Flaw in Human Judgement” by D. Kahneman and co-authors, where they analyse noise factors in various areas of human activities. The theoretical basis of the research is the review of accepted systems of evaluation criteria and scientific papers on the topic; the practical part presents the results of the survey designed by the author.

Results. Both the literary review and the poll reveal that the main factors contributing to objectivity in evaluating students’ progress are teachers’ competence and lucid and concise grading criteria; nevertheless, objectivity may be impaired by a number of external factors that are difficult to remove. The existing education audit practices are complicated and overburden the teacher while diminishing the role of individual approach, which is vital in teaching foreign languages.

Background. A key factor in foreign applicants' choice of Russian technical universities is a cutting-edge education environment. However, the potential of such an environment to provide strategic conditions for the social and professional development of international students is revealed insufficiently.

Purpose. The authors aim to reveal the potential of the education environment of a Russian technical university for successful social and professional formation of international students.

Materials and methods. The materials for this article are the works of Russian and foreign scientists, which analysis has provided the theoretical basis to study technical university education environment as a factor of social and professional formation of international students; to summarise knowledge about the stages of this process and appropriate pedagogical strategies.

Results. Being a microsociety, the education environment of a technical university belongs to the external factors that determine the success of social and professional formation of international students in together  with other external and internal factors. Its essential characteristics are communicative comfort and interactivity; dynamism and activity orientation; practice orientation and implementation of potential in a human being. The potentialities of such an environment are specified by pedagogical realities such as academic everyday life; integration into the industry-related professional community; individualisation, multiplication and intensification of interpersonal relations. These potentialities are implemented via pedagogical strategies of ‘enrichment’, ‘orientation’, ‘inclusion’ and ‘support’ at the stages of ‘academic adaptation’, ‘social integration’, and ‘individualisation of the further education trajectory, self-development and self-advancement’.

Background. The social changes taking place in society today require solving many problems of modern education.  The most urgent of them is the education of the young generation. In this regard, the philosophical-political, psychological-pedagogical, natural-scientific ideas about the education of a “new type” of personality put forward by the thinkers of the past in different historical epochs are of interest. To prove the necessity of studying and the possibility of applying the most productive statements put forward by them in the practice of modern education, the author makes a historical and pedagogical analysis of conceptual ideas about the education of a “new man” in the context of different approaches: philosophical-political, psychological-pedagogical, natural-scientific.

Purpose – to make a historical and pedagogical analysis of conceptual ideas about the education of a “new man” in the light of philosophical-political, psychological-pedagogical, natural-scientific statements.

Materials and methods. The study is based on the system approach, which implies taking into account the different elements of the pedagogical system and changes in these elements due to the requirements of the historical development of society. The article is based on a set of sources represented by primary sources, modern scientific research in the field of philosophy, psychology, pedagogy.

Results. The study is based on the system approach, which implies taking into account the different elements of the pedagogical system and changes in these elements due to the requirements of the historical development of society. The article is based on a set of sources represented by primary sources, modern scientific research in the field of philosophy, psychology, pedagogy.

Background. The study of the influence of life-purpose orientations on the level of life satisfaction and subjective feeling of happiness among young representatives of the Ingush ethnic group is of interest for several reasons. Firstly, the analysis of scientific literature has shown that there are practically no studies devoted to the study of the connection between the components of the value-semantic sphere and life satisfaction among representatives of the Ingush people in this aspect. Secondly, there are also quite a lot of empirical studies devoted to the study of life satisfaction of different categories of women (mothers, managers, professionals in certain fields, etc.) in the literature we analyzed, but we did not find any studies devoted to the study of the category of representatives of the Ingush ethnic group. Thus, the scientific novelty of the study is obvious, and its results can be useful in organizing psychological events (trainings, consultations, etc.) for young representatives of the Ingush ethnic group.

Purpose – study of the specifics of the influence of life-purpose orientations of young Ingush women on their level of life satisfaction and subjective sense of happiness.

Materials and methods. To implement the study, we used the following methods: analysis of specialized scientific literature within the framework of the stated topic; psychological testing using three psychodiagnostic techniques adapted for use in domestic studies by D.A. Leontiev, such as "Meaning of Life Orientations" (MLO) by D. Crambaugh and L. Makholik, "Satisfaction with Life Scale" (SWLS) by E. Diener, R.A. Emmons, R.J. Larsen and S. Griffin and "Subjective Happiness Scale" (SHS) by S. Lyubomirsky and H. Lepper; mathematical and statistical processing of the obtained empirical data using data averaging, their descriptive analysis, the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis H criterion and linear regression analysis. For data processing, standard computer programs “Windows” and “Microsoft Office” (“Microsoft Excel 10.0”) and SPSS 20.0 for Windows - Statistical Package for the Social Science (statistical package for the social sciences) were used.

Results. A theoretical analysis of specialized scientific literature on the topic of the study was conducted, the relevance, theoretical and practical significance of the study and the results obtained were substantiated. The features of the life-meaning sphere of both the sample as a whole and the three age groups identified within it, as well as the degree and specificity of the influence of its components on the subjective psychological well-being of the individual, consisting of life satisfaction and a subjective feeling of happiness, were revealed. It was found that the degree of influence of the life-meaning sphere components decreases with increasing age of the respondents, which may be associated with an existential crisis and transformation of meanings and values. Statistically significant differences were revealed between representatives of the three age groups in relation to the ability to take responsibility for the events of their own lives and the general meaningfulness of life, where the prevailing indicators are noted among representatives of the oldest of the identified age categories of respondents. The results of the study can be used in the practical activities of specialized specialists.

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the socio-psychological climate of student groups at a technical university, which is due to its importance for the effectiveness of educational and educational processes. The authors substantiate the relevance of the topic, pointing out the increasing role of socio-psychological factors in the context of the increasing complexity of the tasks of modern higher education, including the formation of a favorable atmosphere, the development of cohesion and creative potential of students.

Purpose. The purpose is to study the socio–psychological climate of the student body, identify its features and factors affecting the educational process, as well as develop recommendations for its optimization.

Materials and methods. The work used methods of analysis of psychological and pedagogical literature, observation, testing and mathematical statistics. The study was based on empirical data collected at the Institute of Construction and Transport Infrastructure of KubSTU.

Results. The socio-psychological climate is determined by such factors as mutual understanding, security, activity and willingness to cooperate among the team members. It has been established that the successful formation of a psychological climate contributes to the development of socially significant qualities, self-actualization and citizenship among students. In addition, the key elements that form a team as a stable system, including self-management mechanisms and structural interactions, have been identified. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of applying the data obtained for team management in higher education and teacher training. It is concluded that the optimization of the socio-psychological climate in the student body contributes not only to the successful implementation of educational objectives, but also to the disclosure of personal and professional potential of students.

Background.   In recent years, researchers have noted an increase in the popularity of real-life communication games (games in the format of in-person meetings) among adults.  The space of real-life communication games, unlike computer games, is characterised by other opportunities for personal manifestation and social interaction of players, in this connection the role of these games in the life of the adult population, as well as the personal characteristics of players will have a separate specificity.   

Purpose. The purpose is to study the leading motives of play activity and related personal characteristics in adult men and women playing real-life communication games. 

Materials and methods. The study involved  sixty-four regular club members of real-life communication games.   The methods of survey (questionnaire) and content analysis were used to determine the list of motives for participation in real-life communication games.  Personal characteristics of the players were determined using the testing method.   Methods of mathematical statistics (binomial test, Friedman's rank test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, and Mann-Whitney's U test) were used to determine the dominance of indicators and the relationship between them. 

Results. The leading motives for participation in real-life communication games were identical for male and female players: communicative, hedonistic, intellectual motives, and leisure.  Participation in real-life communication games for both men and women can provide both realisation of the main life motive and satisfaction of situational player needs.  Motivation of participation in real-life communication games for men is supported by the peculiarities of their social frustredness, and for women by the peculiarities of their frustredness, adaptedness, and intrapersonal proneness to conflict.  Both male and female players have leading motives of participation in real-life communication games accompanied by their low social frustredness.

Background. Understanding the essence and specifics of an officer's professional service activity in all its diversity, carried out during military and other service, invariably leads us to the need for a morphological analysis of these types (directions). One of the types of an officer's professional activity is operational-search activity (hereinafter referred to as ORA), carried out, including by state bodies specially authorized to do so (FSB of Russia, SVR of Russia, FSO of Russia, foreign intelligence agency of the Ministry of Defense of Russia).

Purpose. The work is aimed at understanding the value-legal and semantic essence, content, structure and features of operational-search activity of an officer.

Materials and methods. A systems approach in all its conceptual aspects (subject, functional and historical) was used as the research methodology. Also, the work uses as a methodological guideline the works that reveal the essence of post-non-classical scientific rationality, which allowed to understand the essence and content of operational search activities as a complex self-developing system in the multidimensionality of its axiological characteristics.

Discussions. In accordance with the principles of the rule of law, the implementation of operational search activities is regulated by the relevant regulatory legal acts, which also enshrine the value-semantic foundations of its implementation. The personnel of the bodies implementing operational search activities are, among other things, career military personnel - officers who perform the corresponding duties when performing professional service tasks. Regulatory legal acts that legislatively enshrine the rights and powers to conduct operational search activities, on the one hand, are an external source of values and meanings of the officer's activities, which are perceived subjectively. At the same time, their stimulating effect on the value-semantic sphere of the officer causes a certain reaction in the form of their subjective assessment and comprehension, based on existing or emerging personal-semantic formations.

Results. The paper briefly describes the legal norms governing operational search activities, which form external sources for the formation of legal values, and describes and explains the features of the functioning of subject-personal, need, target and value-semantic structures (existential, moral, legal, aesthetic), which in a certain way determine the behavior of the subject implementing operational search activities. The results of the analysis are a comprehensive understanding of the content and structure of the legal and value-semantic characteristics of an officer's operational search activities.