No 3 (2022)

The article examines the nominations of three minor, closely related Baltic-Finnic languages that have long been in contact with one another and are widespread in Ingria, the historical part of the Leningrad region. Both synchronic and historical names are described, their origin is traced, and the causes of certain names being replaced by others or existing simultaneously with other names are given.The models of transformation and drift of ethnic group and their languages are investigated. Historical sources, dictionaries that contain various synchronic sections, texts previously recorded by researchers of these languages, and the author's own data obtained during her fieldwork with native speakers of these idioms are examined. In addition to language nominations, the article pays attention to the toponyms of Ingermanlandia. All the villages there have two names: one is used when speaking the indigenous language, the other is used when speaking Russian. The relations of Baltic-Finnish and Russian toponyms are classified. The conclusion is made that the coexistence of parallel toponyms – in the indigenous and Russian languages – demonstrates the preservation of ethnic identity, despite the impeding conditions. Small languages, due to the inevitable contacts with neighbors, provide extensive material for the study of the processes of change and drift of the names of ethnic groups and their languages, allowing to trace the typology of such changes.

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The article discusses the nomenclature and classification of Mari idioms, which are recognized as one of the state languages in the Republic of Mari El alongside Russian. While some researchers believe that there is only one Mari language, others argue that there are multiple Mari languages. The article reviews the various names given to Mari idioms in Soviet and post-Soviet literature and concludes that the categorization of Hill Mari as a dialect or an independent language has largely been influenced by political factors, such as the desire of Hill Maris to have their idiom recognized as a separate language rather than a dialect. The author also conducted a sociolinguistic survey in a Moscow region Mari diaspora to determine how Mari speakers perceive their idioms. The survey found that the nomination of Mari idioms is largely based on the respondent's sub-ethnic identity and personal experience with members of other sub-ethnic groups, rather than the legal status of the idioms. The majority of respondents (56 %) indicated that there are “two Mari languages” while 24 % believed there are “several (more than two) Mari languages”. Only 20 % of respondents identified Mari as a single language, and this group was largely composed of Meadow Maris and natives of Bashkortostan.

This article is devoted to the study of the origin, historical development and use of the color designation buδ ‘gray, gray’ in the Bashkir language. For the first time, this word is considered in a wide chronological range: the development of the lexeme from the origin of the word to the current state is traced. The etymology of the word is based on the works of scientists, in which ancient forms are restored, the evolution of the word meanings can be traced through written sources starting from the ancient Turkic period. The relevance of the study is due to the lack of a comprehensive research on the origin, development and functioning of this lexeme in the Turkic languages. The study revealed that the lexeme buδ goes back to the Proto-Turkic *boŕ ‘gray’, which, in turn, came from the Proto-Altaic *boŕV ‘gray’. It was found that in the Bashkir language the main semantic load of the word buδ is the designation of the color of the gray hair and the color of animals and birds. But nevertheless, the material from the text corpus shows that in the modern Bashkir language the word buδ has expanded its semantics and has meanings of ‘light gray’, ‘light ash’, ‘earthy gray’, ‘empty’, ‘desert’, ‘young’, ‘free’, ‘carefree’, ‘lonely’. Color designation can be combined with the names of a wide range of objects: animals, somatisms, botanical terms, names of rocks and minerals, sky and celestial bodies, landscape, abstract concepts.

“The Drawing Book of Siberia” is a unique source on the history and geography of Siberia in the XVII– XVIII centuries written by the Russian cartographer S. U. Remezov. It contains a document called “The Drawing of the Narym City Territory”. Narym region is known for the abundance of lakes, but on this map by S. U. Remezov only 12 reservoirs of this type are recorded. The aim of the article is to analyze the localization features of these lakes on the map. The criteria for selecting specific water objects for registration on the drawing are considered, and their significance for the local population is studied. On the basis of various historical and cartographic materials, a conclusion is drawn that S. U. Remezov marked real geographical objects, which according to a comprehensive analysis of the sources can be associated with the lakes, indicated on modern geographical maps. These reservoirs played an important role in life of the Narym Territory inhabitants, and were used not only for fishing but also as cult places. It is noted that most of the water objects marked on the drawing geographically gravitate to the centers of early Russian development. This fact characterizes the specifics of S. U. Remezov's data collection and the features of the information and sources used by him.

The paper examines the role of educational cinema in the USSR during the 1930s, with a focus on films about the “socialist reconstruction” of remote regions of the Soviet Union. As an example, the film “Eastern Siberia” (1935) filmed at the “Sibtechfilm” studio, directed by A. I. Gaidul is analyzed, using scripts and other documentation from the State Archives of the Novosibirsk Region. The film is analyzed in terms of its place in the history of regional cinema and its role in the construction of ideas and images in the context of Soviet history. The paper also discusses the historical context of the creation of educational films in the 1930s, the production process at the Novosibirsk studio “Sibtechfilm”, and the biography and methods of the film's director, A. I. Gaidul are considered. The authors also address methodological issues related to educational cinema at the Sibtechfilm studio in the 1930s. It is concluded that the creation of educational geographical films was a significant development in Russian visual anthropology and that the analysis of such films helps to understand the ideological, conceptual, and creative considerations involved in their production and use in the USSR in the 1920s–1930s.

The article discusses the current use of fly agaric mushrooms in rituals among the Koryaks, a native people of the Russian Far East. It provides a review of previous research on the subject, including the Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733–1743) and rock paintings found in the Pegtymel River region of Chukotka. The article also examines the role of fly agaric and other mushrooms in the cultures of Siberia and the Russian Far East. It describes the main occasions, both sacred and secular, in which fly agaric mushrooms are used, and presents new field material collected by the author during an expedition to the Olyutorsk region of the Koryak Autonomous Area in 2004. This material includes accounts from informants of their own experiences with fly agaric mushrooms and those of their friends and relatives, as well as folklore texts known as “fly agaric songs” and “fly agaric tales” that were recorded after the use of the mushrooms. The author concludes that there are two parallel traditions of fly agaric consumption in Kamchatka – sacral and ritualized on the one hand, and common drug addiction (mostly in the city) on the other hand. The article introduces a vast new field material and may be of interest to ethnologists and folklorists.

This study explores the use and transformation of chthonic images, specifically snakes and frogs, in the Old Believer tradition of the Russians in Gorny Altai. The research combines folklore materials, field observations, and written sources, which had not previously been represented in the academic sphere, and utilizes historical and ethnographic methods. Snake images are often associated with negative human qualities in various folklore genres, while frog images are associated with ugliness or slowness. These images appear in folk practices for avoiding snakes, treating snake bites and illnesses such as tonsillitis and back pain, and in riddles and handicrafts. The Christian content of these images is prevalent, but the perception of them varies among different local groups and individuals. It can range from seeing them as personifications of sin and posthumous punishment to viewing them as neutral creatures of nature. In the modern tradition of the Uimon Old Believers, the perception of chthonic images is milder than in the now extinct tradition of the Turochak Old Believers. This study represents the first time that the features of using chthonic images and their transformation in the Old Believer tradition have been analyzed and documented in such detail.

The Vth International Scientific Conference "Preservation and Development of Languages and Cultures of the Indigenous Peoples of Siberia" was held in Abakan on May 19–20, 2022. The conference was dedicated to the 160th anniversary of the orientalist and turkologist Nikolai Fedorovich Katanov and brought together over 200 scientists, teachers, and representatives of authorities and of non-governmental organizations from 17 regions of Russia and 4 foreign countries. The main objectives of the conference were to exchange new approaches and results on a wide range of linguistic, cultural, ethnographic, and historical aspects related to N. F. Katanov's heritage; to disseminate knowledge about new trends and initiatives aimed at promoting the languages of indigenous peoples at the Russian and international levels as a valuable cultural heritage and a resource for sustainable development; and to discuss new scientific knowledge in the field of lingual-cognitive, cultural, folklore, and historical research on the material of Turkic and other Ural-Altaic languages. The conference emphasized the importance of researching, preserving, and supporting the linguistic diversity of Siberia and other regions, and discussed trends, innovations, and ways to address pressing linguistic and ecological issues. Recommendations were made for improving language policy and promoting active regional and territorial bilingualism based on international experience.