Том 15, № 5 (2022)

The article reveals the specifics of training employees of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the use of inspection equipment, including X-ray television systems, in educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. On the example of the North Caucasian Institute for Advanced Studies (branch) of the Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the author considers the features of the organizational and methodological conditions for the implementation of the additional professional program “Use of Technical Means of Inspection. Ensuring Radiation Safety”. At the present stage, the range of tasks that employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation should solve is very wide and varied. Many tasks require employees to have the appropriate competencies for the effective use of modern special equipment. So, in particular, employees serving in the North Caucasus region as part of groups (units) for conducting inspection activities at federal checkpoints must have the skills and abilities to conduct control and inspection activities using modern technical means of search and detection , including X-ray television installations, to ensure the detection of violations of Russian legislation by concealing the transportation of explosives and explosive devices, weapons, ammunition, nuclear and radioactive materials and other dangerous items and substances. A special role in ensuring security in the North Caucasus region is played by federal checkpoints of the Directorate for organizing the work of accounting and barrier systems of the Temporary Operational Grouping of Bodies and Subdivisions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia as part of the Joint Grouping of Troops (Forces) for Conducting Counter-Terrorist Operations in the North Caucasus Region of the Russian Federation of the Main Directorate of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia for the North Caucasian Federal District (FC of the DOW ABS TPGBS of the MIA of the MD MIA for the NCFD). It should be noted that new federal checkpoints were created in the North Caucasus Federal District in 2014. Taking into account the experience of ensuring security in the preparation and holding of the XXII Winter Olympic Games in Sochi, the President of the Russian Federation set the task of creating a system on the territory of the North Caucasus region that would become a reliable barrier in the way of terrorists and means of terror. In this regard, the leadership of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia decided to create a system of registration and barrier facilities, including the federal checkpoints. These posts are intended for carrying out control and inspection activities using modern technical means of search and detection, including X-ray television installations. Today, the current tense international situation contributes to the intensification of terrorist activities against our country. These circumstances require the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to intensify anti-terrorist measures and the utmost attention of employees in the course of their service in order to ensure security and social stability. Based on the above mentioned information, the issues of training employees of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the use of inspection equipment, including X-ray television systems, are relevant. The purpose of the study is to identify effective methods for training employees of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the use of X-ray television systems in operational activities. To do this, in the course of the study, it is necessary to solve the following tasks: 1) analyze the additional professional program “Use of Technical Means of Inspection. Ensuring Radiation Safety” (with partial use of distance learning technologies) and identifying the features of its implementation; 2) determine the key points in the training of specialists in the specified educational program; 3) as a positive experience in the implementation of the training program, draw up a methodology for training specialists in the use of X-ray television systems. Within the framework of the study, such general and particular scientific methods as analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, generalization method, comparative method, systematic, logical, peer review method, etc. were used. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were formulated: 1. Training of employees of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia to use the X-ray television systems should consist of the following triad: theoretical training, simulator training and practical training. 2. The possibility of implementing an additional professional program “Use of Technical Means of Inspection. Ensuring Radiation Safety” both in full-time format and in the format of "remote-full-time" training allows educational organizations of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, if necessary, to transfer training to distance learning in order to ensure the training of specialists in the use of X-ray television systems in various conditions. 3. In the course of practicing the skills of interpreting shadow images of the inspected object by the trainees, for didactic purposes, teachers are recommended to use educational technologies and the existing experience of training specialists at the Training Center for Aviation and Transport Security of CJSC AeroMASH - Aviation Security. 4. When developing practical skills and abilities in the operation of various inspection and search equipment, it is advisable to use a practice-oriented approach to training, which involves the use of federal checkpoints inspection modules as a practice-oriented platform, as this will bring the training situation as close as possible to the real situation.

In this article, we studied the impact of the physical training of police officers on the performance of their official tasks and the fight against crime. We studied methods for improving the physical training of police officers, as well as the need to study the methods of struggle and forceful detention of criminals. It was established that an important role in physical training is played by the training of police officers in hand-to-hand combat, wrestling and forceful detention of offenders. Each employee must have the ability, if necessary, to resort to the use of brute physical force and prevent the commission of a crime, as well as to possess the skills of forceful detention of the offender. If, in the process of education and training of police officers, attention is not paid to their physical indicators and the ability to use the skills of fighting and combat, this can directly affect the resolution of cases and bringing the perpetrators to justice. When detaining an offender, there is a high probability that he will comply with the legal requirement of an authorized person, and will also resist detention and arrest. In such a situation, the officer must, first of all, adequately assess the situation, the psychological and mental state of the offender. He may be in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication and thereby pose a threat to the life and health of the employee and surrounding civilians. Also, the offender may be armed with a knife, firearms or other items with which he can cause significant damage to the health of employees during detention. Both male and female employees need to develop self-confidence, their strengths and skills in forceful detention, as well as the absence of fear of pain or injury. Each of them must be aware that no matter how the operational situation unfolds, the offender must be arrested in order to bring him to justice. Otherwise, the criminal will go unpunished, and the feeling of impunity will push him to commit more serious crimes.

The purpose of this study is to study the role of physical training in countering the offender, as well as the psychological aspect of such training, its particular importance and indispensability. Psychological readiness refers to the readiness of an employee on a psychological level to engage in battle, to be defeated and endure the pain that an offender can inflict on him. It is not possible to develop such skills by physical activity and training alone. That is why in the training process of hand-to-hand combat, first of all, the correct technique for performing strikes and wrestling techniques is set, and after the employee acquires the correct technique, he is allowed to sparring. It has been established that independent physical training is of particular importance in the process of training police officers, which, although it implies the manifestation of their own initiative on the part of employees, the role of the teacher in this process is very large, since the basis of self-training is individual and group consultations. During the period when the initial motor skills begin to form among employees, the participation of a teacher (class leader) is necessary, since only he can prevent technical errors when performing exercises. In subsequent periods, when a stable skill of performing a motor act is formed, its improvement is allowed already within the framework of independent training without the participation of a teacher. It is concluded that the purpose of the training is to develop a lack of fear among police officers when engaging in combat with an unarmed or armed offender. It is the psychological training of employees that enhances the skills they have acquired to deal with the offender.

The purpose of this study is to study the role and ways of improving preemptive actions in protecting against offender strikes. Exercises have been proposed that have repeatedly proven their effectiveness in the implementation of preemptive actions from strikes, both unarmed and armed with a knife or a heavy object of the offender. The service of police officers takes place in the conditions of increasing requirements for their professional preparedness. At the same time, there are conflict situations that threaten the health and life of an employee, when the offender is actively resisting, sometimes even armed. Therefore, in order to avoid damage to their health and life, employees must master the ability to perform preventive actions when protecting themselves from the blows of the offender. Proactive actions by police officers are used to prevent the aggressive behavior of the offender. Situations necessitating the implementation of proactive actions are usually document checks, body searches, searches of vehicles, etc. In a critical situation, before applying a preventive action, the appropriate action of the employee will be to distract the offender: negotiating, throwing objects, shouting, distracting with a glance, etc. as well as their training on live targets, which can be carried out both in the process of performing one specific technique on a non-resisting assistant, and during a training fight (sparring). It has been established that working in pairs is the most effective and consists in the fact that this process is as close as possible to a real battle. The task of each of the sparring is to use all the allowed and available preemptive actions in his arsenal in order to win, and also to understand how well he owns this or that technique, which of the techniques are better and can be used by him practically when defending from the blows of the offender. The task of the teacher during sparring is to help both fighters and correct their shortcomings with various tips.

The purpose of this study is to study the ways of formation of tactical thinking in the process of teaching the skills of combat techniques of combat of police officers. Tactical thinking is based on the ability to analyze the constantly changing environment around and make an unmistakable decision, since an incorrectly made decision entails negative consequences. The formation of tactical thinking among police officers occurs in the process of studying and practicing combat techniques of struggle. Tactical thinking, formed during a fight or struggle, is based on an assessment of the opponent's actions and the choice of the moment to deliver one's blow or hold. Given the danger of the work of police officers, the formation of tactical thinking in them will help them continue to perform their tasks in extreme situations. However, the formation of tactical thinking requires a lot of time, in order to teach an employee to continue his thought process during a fight with an offender, he must have extensive experience in combat. The process of training employees in combat and wrestling techniques includes the study of techniques for performing techniques, as well as their training on various layouts and live targets. While practicing a specific technique, the employee is faced with the task of learning how to use the acquired knowledge in practice, and also learn how to use this technique against the offender. They need to understand why this or that technique is used, and how it can be useful during the service. Then the process of remembering the execution of the reception will be much faster. It has been established that the importance of tactical thinking for an internal affairs officer cannot be overestimated, since the life and health of both the law enforcement officer and civilians depend on the acquired quality. Tactical thinking increases the speed, distinctiveness, initiative, courage and orientation of employees in the current situation of confrontation with the offender.

Terrorist activity quite often has mercenary motives, since the development of the corresponding criminal organizations requires constant material support. In this context, of significant interest is the commission by representatives of terrorist organizations of criminal acts, which, according to Russian criminal law, are qualified as independent acts. Crimes such as kidnapping and hostage-taking, which are very common in the activities of terrorist organizations, are of significant interest within the framework of the stated problems. In legal science, these acts are usually considered as mercenary crimes of a terrorist nature, since their commission in practice is often accompanied by material demands on the part of criminals. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the existing problems of qualifying mercenary crimes of a terrorist nature. The author comes to the conclusion that, on the one hand, kidnapping and hostage-taking are outwardly very similar crimes, and on the other hand, each of these criminal acts is an independent crime, which has very specific features. Attention is focused on certain criteria that make it possible to distinguish between the above-mentioned crimes, which are subject to precise determination in the process of qualifying the above-mentioned crimes. As a promising direction for improving the current criminal legislation, a detailed regulation of the content characteristics of kidnapping and hostage-taking is singled out, which will help resolve problems that arise when qualifying these related acts.

Problems and activity directions of extremism and terrorism prevention in modern society remain topical. Within the framework of prevention of this destructive phenomenon especially among the youth, it is necessary to systematize the main factors contributing to formation of extremist attitudes among young people and determine the main objectives to be achieved within preventive conversations in the mentioned direction. The indicated problems reveal the necessity of systematization of all available types of information support for extremism prevention as well as the tasks to be solved in the process of its implementation. Methods. During the research on stated issue the author used the following generally accepted scientific methods: analysis and summarization of scientific publications, devoted to activity of state authorities and local self-government bodies within preventive measures for prevention of extremist moods. Results of the study. The levels of extremism prevention were examined. Under the influence of social, political, economic and other factors most susceptible to destructive influences, radical views and beliefs are more easily formed among the youth. The reasons why young citizens join the ranks of extremist and terrorist organizations, and why destructive forces actively use Russian youth in their political interests are indicated. Conclusion. It is concluded that the youth environment due to its social characteristics and acuteness of the perception of the environment is the part of society with the most rapid accumulation and realization of negative protest potential. Preventive conversations in the framework of preventing and suppressing the above-mentioned destructive phenomena in modern society as extremism should be led by the specialists possessing high psychological and pedagogical potential. They don't know the methods of ethnic and social tolerance formation which defines the degree of attitude of a person to other nationalities, their culture and traditions.

The article examines the impact of cyberterrorism on the national security of the Russian Federation in modern conditions. Issues of ensuring national security in difficult geopolitical conditions are one of the highest priorities in the framework of the state policy of the Russian Federation. The development of information technologies is the most important condition for the development of a modern state, however, in addition to positive trends, we also observe a number of negative consequences. One of these consequences is the emergence of a new form of terrorism - information terrorism (cyberterrorism). Information terrorism is a problem not only of a local scale, but to a greater extent is of a global nature. In many ways, it is the global nature of this crime, the lack of geographical boundaries that complicate the fight against cyberterrorism. An effective fight against information terrorism cannot be carried out by a separate state. It is for this reason that active cooperation is needed to solve this problem of all countries. The impact of cyber threats on the national security of the state is obvious, since the actions of terrorists are aimed at destabilizing the political and economic situation in the country. The objectives of the study are to assess the impact of information terrorism on the level of national security of the state. An assessment of the prospects for combating cyberterrorism is also important, especially in terms of determining the vectors for the implementation of the fight. An analysis of possible scenarios for the development of the situation in the fight against cyberterrorism will make it possible to determine the list of the most effective methods of combating information terrorism.Conclusions: The ongoing programs for the digitalization of all spheres of life of society increase the degree of influence of cyberterrorism on the national security of the Russian Federation. The effectiveness of the fight against information terrorism depends on a number of factors: the level of cooperation with other countries and international organizations; the level of legislative regulation; development of scientific research in the field of information security; training of high-level specialists in the field of information security. Only the complex application of all these measures will reduce the level of crimes of this level and the degree of their impact on the national security of the Russian Federation.

Introduction. In this article author emphasizes of terrorism phenomenon causing dangers to Russian Federation’s national safety. Numerous terrorist organizations strive to extend their criminal convictions to everybody and also strive to cripple the consciousness of Russian young people. They constantly invent new forms of involvement in terrorist activities, using all possible technological achievements. Young terrorists’ needs are fulfilled symbolically except for physical ones, wreaking psychopathological aggression & obtaining «spiritual leader». That is why author considers pedagogical countering the terrorism ideology to be the best solution. Theoretical basis. Methods. In this article author studies pedagogical countering the terrorism ideology. Author disclosed this topical subject, using few scientific methods. Author applied theoretical method: analysis of pedagogical and psychological literature. The method of generalization was used to research and evaluate. Results. Pedagogical problems include spiritual, patriotic, cultural, educational upbringing. Educated young person is socially adapted, thinks critically, therefore is protected from manipulation. Conclusion. Deduction is made that pedagogic ways to counter the criminal ideology of terrorism is of great significance for the future of our state.

Improving measures to prevent terrorist crimes among young people is one of the main directions of domestic policy in the Russian Federation. The introduction of extremism into the youth environment has become widespread and has dangerous consequences for the well-being of the country. With the development of technology and communications, terrorism has the potential to spread widely around the world. The development of mobile phones, the internet and social media has enabled terrorist organisations to communicate quickly and effectively, both within their own circles and as an opportunity for new ways to recruit young people. Modern means of communication, including the Internet, play a key role today in the process of finalizing the formation of extremism. It is the Internet that is becoming a kind of platform for uniting young people with similar interests and views on a particular issue. The purpose of the study lies in the factors of extremism emergence, analysis of measures taken by the legislator to prevent the development of terrorism and extremism among young people, development of proposals to prevent the spread of these phenomena among young people. The author proposes a set of measures to combat extremism which would be the basis for creation of the ways to optimize the mechanism of interaction between subjects of prevention of extremism among young people at the regional level.

In the introduction, the author of the article talks about the realities of the modern universe. In particular, the fact that in the modern world humanity faces a number of major global problems, the solution of which depends on its continued existence. And one of these problems is terrorism, which, as a socio-political phenomenon, is not an invention of the last century: since ancient times, people have used this deterrent to put pressure on society and the state. However, the growth of the scale of terrorist acts and the globalization of the threat of terrorism in the XX-XXI centuries. compelled to arouse the alarm of the whole world. The main part of the article provides statistical data on terrorism, which make it possible to notice an improvement in the situation in recent years. In the course of analyzing the problem, it becomes clear that the difficulty of combating the terrorist threat lies in the fact that no international organization and no state can achieve success alone. Thus, in the main part, the conclusion is made that concerted and coordinated actions of the entire world community and each of its individual members are needed to combat terrorism. The paper emphasizes that the strategy to combat terrorism must change and adapt to new realities, as the terrorist threat evolves. Among other things, the focus is on the situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, which has changed almost every facet of human life around the world. In his work, the author traces the connection between the emergence of a terrorist threat and other problems facing humanity in the 21st century, namely hunger, poverty, unemployment, lack of legal protection and social guarantees, regional conflicts, intolerance - these are the reasons that push people, especially the younger generation, into the arms of terrorists. Therefore, reducing the threat of terrorism is directly related to the solution of deeper problems. In conclusion, the author concludes that only the joint activities of civil society, international and non-governmental organizations can have an effective impact on solving the problem of terrorism and will create a society in which the security of citizens and sustainable development will not be threatened

The study of the emergence of juvenile terrorism, as well as ways to counter it at the present stage, is an urgent measure to prevent "young" crime. It has been established that the Internet has been increasingly radicalized in recent years, a large number of teenagers and young people are involved in this ideology, and the lack of complex planning in the implementation of terrorist attacks allows almost everyone to take part in them. The objective of this study is to analyze teenage terrorism, which is characterized by a fundamentally new structure and approach. If in the recent past terrorists could be tracked in the network by belonging to a specific terrorist cell that gives orders for action, and subsequently identify various elements of the same chain, then modern terrorists act as "lone wolves" who do not obey anyone's orders and do not belong to any or a terrorist organization or group. An aggravating circumstance is that the random factors of terrorist actions are, on the one hand, statistically predictable, and on the other, individually unpredictable, and thus, “stochastic terrorism” is evident. In practice, the following happens: the activities of “lone wolves” who commit illegal acts with the aim of deliberately inciting violence of one factor are widely publicized, that is why this category of criminals has a sense of confidence in their actions. It has been established that prevention remains the main aspect of countering the terrorist threat. As the main principles of building anti-terrorist preventive work, it should be noted the expediency and targeting of measures, the performers of which are charged with the obligation to ensure their targeted implementation in the context of the implementation of the prevention of the involvement of a teenage audience in terrorist organizations. The fight against juvenile terrorism requires the same attention as with other forms and varieties of its manifestation. In this situation, it is necessary to put at the forefront the fact that the factors of such crimes are a psychologically vulnerable socio-demographic group, the future of the country - teenagers.

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that cause the spread of extremism (the stratification of society according to political, economic, religious, nationalist and other views, resulting in conflicts) and the transfer of its propaganda in cyberspace. The main directions of law enforcement bodies' activities in counteracting cybercrime with extremist content were studied. The objectives of the study are to explore the possibilities of cyber technologies, through the use of which the extremists gained another tool for attracting neophytes into their activities. We found that the emissaries of extremism prefer non-contact methods of interaction, as the network capabilities allow them to remain anonymous; the emergence of Internet ideology, which is fought by extremist organizations, in order to promote their ideology to as many users as possible. The latent nature of these crimes is an incentive to their increase. All the above mentioned clearly indicates that providing security of cyberspace requires combining efforts of state authorities in sphere of combating extremism. Conclusions: The solution to the mentioned problem lies in blocking websites with extremist content. However, law enforcement officers point out inconsistency in identifying materials with extremist content before banning them. In this case, this list tends to constantly expand. As a result, the banned content "walks" freely on the Internet and may be easily found by any user and posted on social networks, messengers, etc. This measure, in our opinion, is not entirely feasible, and is also economically costly, because too many people and funds are involved in fighting something that cannot be completely eradicated. Cyber security requires new approaches. In particular, it is necessary to create new structures in law enforcement agencies, i.e. to have two police, one of which will fight, as before, against real crime, and the other, specially trained for that - against virtual crime.

The purpose of this study is to study the topical issues of countering terrorism, the analysis of crimes committed by minors, their causes and dangers is carried out, while the problems of preventive activities by the bodies of preliminary investigation are highlighted. Of course, in order to combat terrorism, a voluminous set of measures was created aimed at eradicating even the slightest of its manifestations, and one of them is the discussion of criminal case materials in order to influence the heads of enterprises, educational institutions and organizations that do not respond to the investigators' ideas about eliminating the causes and conditions that contributed to the commission of crimes by teenagers. Objectives of the study Speaking about the causes of terrorism, it is possible to identify a whole system of factors that directly affect the appearance and further spread of this criminal act. The investigator should not miss any opportunity to make teenagers aware of the dangers of terrorism for themselves and society. Speaking in a group of teenagers, the investigator, using the example of a committed crime, is obliged to show what harm and grief criminal activity brings to others, how perniciously it affected the fate of the culprit himself. In other words, the purpose of the investigator's speech is to make teenagers think about the social and moral side of the actions of criminals. Conclusions: terrorism is a really serious problem for modern society and especially threatens the younger generation. It is necessary to conduct educational and preventive measures among adolescents to reduce the number of those who have been subjected to terrorist recruitment among them. Such meetings should be carefully prepared, and the administration and representatives of public organizations should be informed in advance of the actual circumstances of the case. Persons whose behavior is being discussed should preferably be given the opportunity to speak in front of their trainees.

The purpose of this study is the prevention of crimes by investigative units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The prepared representations of investigators about the circumstances that contributed to the commission of the crime are sometimes superficial, informational in nature. They report crimes, but do not provide a deep and complete analysis of the causes and conditions of their commission. Research objectives. It is necessary to identify the circumstances entailing the prevalence and repetition of a certain type of crime in the district, city, region, republic in order to neutralize these processes in a timely manner. An important role in this issue is the introduction of generalized representations and information on groups of homogeneous cases, certain types of crimes in a particular region or branch of economic activity. The article presents views on the topical issue - the prevention of crimes and the elimination of the causes that give rise to them. At the same time, the representations of law enforcement agencies about negative phenomena and their causes, concrete and effective proposals for their elimination are of particular importance in modern conditions. Today it is no longer enough to limit preventive work to establishing the causes of only one specific crime. Conclusions: The article summarizes some results of the study of the interaction of investigative workers with collectives, the public, social networks. Competent and planned work in the field of crime prevention is the key to the formation of a modern right-wing state.

Оne of the most valuable social resources in the modern world is information. The influence of information on the consciousness and behavior of people is very significant, because through information resources public opinion is formed on topical issues and problems. Together with the mass media, sustainable growth is acquiring the use of modern information technology tools and resources of the Internet. This speeds up and simplifies the process of dissemination and transmission of information, allows you to organize access to various information to an unlimited circle of people around the world. However, the large-scale development of the Internet brings new threats and challenges, creating conditions for the commission of crimes against individual citizens, organizations or states. The relevance of the chosen topic of scientific research is explained by the fact that in the context of the growing aggression of foreign countries, information resources and protection against “information attacks” are a priority for the state. Mass media cover political life, build public opinion and disseminate popular culture. In view of this, the term "information war" entered the scientific and international media circulation, replacing the term "propaganda" that preceded it. Almost all military-political events of the last decades of the 21st century are marked by the widespread use of means and methods of information confrontation, which poses a real threat to the existing model of the world, as well as to the moral and psychological climate in society. The purpose of the research work is to analyze the concept of "information war", as well as to develop proposals for leveling the threats posed by information wars in the context of modern legal realities. The author comes to the conclusion that the information war is part of an armed conflict, in view of this, the ability to navigate the features of modern crisis information and communication interaction, knowledge of the technology of conducting "information wars" will help us control our own information field and information resources of the enemy. This, in turn, will not allow foreign states to manipulate the consciousness and behavior of the civilian population and (or) military personnel with specially prepared information aimed at achieving economic, political, social and military goals.

The purpose of this article is to study the criminal and criminological aspects of hostage-taking, understanding their cause-and-effect relationships, goals and motives. By referring to the historical aspects of this phenomenon, we came to the conclusion that if in ancient times these "seizures" served mainly as a guarantee of peace between peoples and countries, today it is an act of intimidation and the imposition of illegal actions in order to fulfill their demands. The objectives of the study are to analyze the problems of hostage-taking, clarify the concept of "hostage-taking", consider the motives and goals of these crimes, as well as the moments of their completion. Today in Russia, this crime falls under Article 206 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. According to this document, the crime is considered completed from the moment of the capture of at least one hostage. The legality or illegality of the demands being made is also important. So, if the conditions for the release of people are intended to "bend" the state power, then this crime clearly falls under Article 206, however, if a person took such a measure in order to draw attention to some problem, then this act will be qualified under another article, for example, arbitrariness. Conclusions: Today hostage-taking is a crime that is classified as terrorist. The reason for such an agreement was the wave of terrorist attacks that swept around the world, with the capture of a large number of people. It should be noted that through joint efforts, despite the isolated cases of such crimes, there has been a noticeable reduction in the number of such crimes. Terrorist attacks involving the capture of civilians are noted mainly in unstable territories, with active military operations. The legislation also provides for cases of avoiding criminal liability for this act. These are cases when hostages are released voluntarily or at the request of the authorities. But the punishment will be avoided only under Article 206, and it will not be possible for others, for example, illegal carrying or possession of weapons. Some legislative flaw, in our opinion, is the omission of the terms for which the hostages were held by the offenders. Since this factor is still essential for many people. Even if people are not physically injured, then moral and psychological trauma is still present. All cases covered in the media are accompanied by reports about the work of psychologists with the released and their relatives.

The purpose of this research was to study the achievement of modern technology from the standpoint of serving criminal structures. The introduction of new technologies is an objective process, but it remains unclear until the end by whom and how their results will be used. It will hardly surprise anyone that transnational crime is taking full advantage of the possibilities of artificial intelligence in the field of economics, finance and information. Modern gadgets are equipped with programs based on artificial intelligence. All this can positively serve the goals of the state, special services and law enforcement agencies, and can become an instrument of an illegal act in the hands of criminals. The objectives of this article are to study the Russian segment of organized crime, where new technologies are developing very rapidly, attacks are becoming more sophisticated, virus programs cannot be blocked and irretrievably destroy information in computer systems, and thousands of personal data are stolen every day. Stolen personal data allows you to carry out almost any manipulation in the banking system. The consequences of such a level of crime may be the paralysis of banks, the loss of security of strategic and military facilities. The situation is aggravated by the fact that the founders of the global digitalization process at the supranational level carry out their activities outside the legal field, and today this process has turned into a competitive race. It is established that each new technology is adopted by criminal structures. The criminal sphere today is made up of professionals of such a level that it is not difficult for them to launder billions of dollars. This fact is also stated by the International Organization for Combating Money Laundering and Interpol. Organized crime is based on powerful transnational companies created on an ethnic and regional basis. The situation is complicated by the fact that many of them have now been formally legalized, but at the same time, having retained their connections and skills, they remain inaccessible to law enforcement agencies. We believe that in this case, the future lies with the cyber police and criminal intelligence, which will be called upon to effectively counter organized crime. The success of this event depends on the personnel of these units, which must be trained at a faster pace.

This work is devoted to the study of the personality of a criminal who drives a vehicle under the influence of alcohol. It has been established that the development of crime is determined by social causes, including the neglect of social institutions, the state of tension in society, the growth of antisocial phenomena, etc. Therefore, the level of crime is in close relationship with the level of social development and the development of the state, as well as the determined domestic and foreign policy. The objectives of the study are to analyze the regulatory regulation of crimes related to driving a vehicle by a person in a drunken state. The vehicle is a source of increased danger, however, on the part of road users, in particular drivers, this danger is underestimated. In general, in the minds of most people, a violation of traffic rules is not considered some kind of serious act for which liability can be established, up to a criminal one. As a result, the legislator, in order to prevent and prevent drinking at the wheel, resorted to more stringent measures, namely the criminal prosecution of drunk drivers. The foregoing updated the relevant amendments to the current legislation, tightening the legal regulation of this area. As a result, the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation was supplemented with Article 264.1 "Violation of traffic rules by a person subjected to administrative punishment." In subsequent years, the situation on the roads has not changed, which again forced the legislator to tighten sanctions. This time, it was possible to “get through” to a large part of the drivers: the number of cases considered and defendants brought to trial in such cases in the period 2020-2021 have undergone significant downward changes. It is concluded that as long as drivers demonstrate an irresponsible attitude towards "drunk" driving, innocent people will continue to die on the roads.

Consideration of the problems of law enforcement of administrative legislation by the courts in the sense of theoretical scientific research, guiding explanations of higher courts, the functioning of the judicial mechanism as a whole. Effective use in practice of the norms of administrative law by the courts as a form of ensuring the functioning and development of various social spheres of society as a whole. We would like to note the following problems that determine the relevance: the constantly high level of social tension, the intensification of business activity of legal entities and individuals during the period of partial abolition of COVID restrictions, the need for high-quality work on the implementation, development and improvement of administrative legislation, the organization of the correct application of administrative legislation in all spheres of life. The article deals with the problems of domestic theoretical research of administrative legislation, foreign experience. The leading work of the judiciary is analyzed. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that the application of the norms of law occupies one of the leading, fundamental, key places among the problems of jurisprudence. There is a complexity of the problem, both in general theoretical studies and in the practical work of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. There is no mechanism for mobile change of the law by the legislator. In the theory of law, there are many studies on this topic, however, the norms of administrative law have been studied much less. An analysis of the application of the norms of administrative law by the courts, specialized in this direction, is rarely found in scientific papers. Possibilities of restructuring the judicial system in order to provide specialized administrative courts.

The article briefly presents the peasant community of Russia and the role of Pyotr Arkadyevich Stolypin - Chairman of the Council of Ministers during the reign of Nicholas II of Russia, in its reorganization. Based on the research of L.Yu. Kazanina, devoted to the study of Stolypin's modernization programs in Russia, the materials of the Foundation for the Study of the Heritage of P.A. Stolypin, the funds of the Tula State Archive, including transcripts of the reports of the I, II, III Tsarist State Duma, and Stolypin's speeches, the comprehension of which allowed the authors to focus their attention on certain issues of peasant (agrarian) reform of 1907-1911.

The issues of the relationship between the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation on the protection and support of competition and constitutional norms on the rights of citizens who are participants in economic relations are considered. The existing contradictions related to the imperfection and inconsistency of some norms of the legislation on protection of competition and the norms governing the procedure for antimonopoly investigation and proceedings in cases of administrative offenses, as well as the procedure for investigating crimes related to infringement on freedom of competition within the framework of domestic criminal law and criminal procedural law are identified and described.

At the present stage of the development of customs administration in Russia, there are still many risks, the study of which is devoted to the work. In the study, the author defines precisely the tax risks that arise during the implementation of customs administration. The author sees the main problems of customs administration: false declaration or importation of goods into the country bypassing the established rules. The study also pays attention to such problems as the departure of large foreign investors from the country, as well as issues of stimulating replenishment of the federal budget through customs payments and taxes. One of the conclusions of the resolution presented is the direction of customs and tariff policy to increase the competitiveness of national producers.

Purpose of the study. The article deals with the legal support of the healthcare function in the Russian Federation. Currently, the existing social conditions for the life and health of citizens also imply the need to improve the legal regulation of existing medical institutions and organizations. This is especially noticeable in the current economic environment. However, this predetermines the need for a systematic study and analysis of the legal regulation of public health. Currently, the number of studies on the problem of ensuring the right of citizens to medical care is insignificant. This is due to the current established legal mechanisms at the federal and regional levels, as well as the processes of implementing this mechanism. The research methods were analysis, synthesis, empirical methods, comparison. The scientific novelty lies in the presented measures to improve the efficiency of the legal mechanism for ensuring the health care function in the Russian Federation, as well as in the developed priority areas of development. Conclusions: the provision of services for free medical care depends on the direct composition of this care, its dynamic elements, while the statistical elements remain unchanged. Compliance with all the principles of providing medical care is the main condition for further reforming the health care system of the Russian Federation. We believe that compliance with the above provisions is a necessary condition for further reform and improvement of the existing free healthcare system.

The purpose of the research. The article examines the main features of the legal regulation of oil and gas revenues of the federal budget, changes in budget legislation in this area, as well as the experience of legal regulation and accumulation of budget funds from oil and gas revenues in foreign countries. The experience of the World Trade Organization in the field of legal regulation of oil and gas revenues is analyzed. Gaps in the legal regulations are identified, on the basis of which appropriate solutions are proposed. Results. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in the theory of law there is no scientific definition of the concept of "oil and gas revenues of the budget", in connection with which its author's definition is proposed. The experience of legal regulation of oil and gas revenues of the budget of foreign states is useful for the formation of legal regulation of oil and gas budget revenues in Russia, in particular in the field of legal regulation of the management of the National Welfare Fund. The identified problems can be solved in different ways, depending on the geopolitical situation that is developing in the world, in connection with which the state developed operational measures to improve the legal regulation of oil and gas budget revenues.

The ongoing digital transformation of society has an impact on all spheres of life. The greatest change has been in commercial activities, including through the recognition of completely new means of communication and entrepreneurial activities. Decentralized widespread autonomous organizations have proliferated as the most common form of sensation in the crypto sector. The author set the task of analyzing the resolution of so-called "digital" disputes that were not settled by self-executing smart contracts. One of the innovative ways of disputes resolution was the creation of the Kleros court, which considers disputes arising on the Ethereum platform. The global digital community evaluates this mechanism as the most democratic and professional, due to the organization and implementation of it by the participants themselves. The author made an attempt to analyze the legal regulation of social relations arising in the process of considering and resolving digital disputes in the Kleros court.

The purpose of the research. The article deals with issues related to the stages of development of easement regulation in Russia from the pre-revolutionary period to the present. The purpose of the research is to identify the sources of the formation of easement regulation in Russia, as well as the trends of its development. Results. As a result of the analysis of historical documents and doctrinal researches, the authors came to the conclusion about the emergence of legal constructions of the easement type in Russia in the XVII century with the adoption of the Cathedral Code of 1649. Subsequently, they were detailed and expanded in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire of 1835, and then in the draft Civil Code of the Russian Empire. However, it was the Soviet period of the country's development that predetermined the specifics of the easement regulation in Russia, which is characterised by the division of classical easements into "private" and "public". The demand for public easements in modern civil circulation has led to active rule-making in this direction.

Purpose of the research: The article considers the theoretical and practical significance of the good faith principle in the system of Russian civil law, establishes the role and purpose of this principle. A comparative analysis of the significance of the good faith principle in Russian and foreign civil law also conducts. Results: As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that the good faith principle is an integral part of Russian civil law, and its role has increased markedly over the past twenty years, which is reflected in the increase of number of norms in the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, one way or another referring to the good faith (bad faith) of the participants in civil legal relations as a constituent that entails legal consequences. Also, based on the comparative analysis, it is concluded that the principle of good faith is characteristic of most legal systems of continental law. The value of the principle of good faith in civil law is traditionally lower in common law legal systems, and in UK law this principle does not apply; at the same time, it has recognition in some international legal acts. It is concluded that the good faith principle allows the courts to be more flexible in solving cases, to take into consideration the circumstances of a particular case and to implement, first of all, the rights of citizens, and not the norms of the law misinterpreted by someone. The essence of the good faith principle in Russian civil law is not clearly defined.

The use of AI Technologies in investment activities is of particular importance. AI technologies are being implemented in many areas such as algorithmic trading, asset management, credit underwriting and others. The Article discusses the rapidly increased deployment of AI technologies in investment activities and how it is expected to drive competitive advantages for financial firms and the importance of regulation AI in the national laws for Russian Federation, USA and China.

The article deals with certain issues of optimizing and improvement of the quality of pre-investigation checks, which are called crime reporting checks. Statistical data indicate the prevalence of violations of the criminal procedure law at this stage of pre-trial proceedings, entailing the adoption of unjustified procedural decisions to refuse to initiate criminal proceedings. At the same time, the importance of the pre-investigation verification, which is an integral element of the forensic methodology of pre-trial proceedings, is underestimated. When establishing sufficient sings of a crime. Especially those committed without eyewitnesses, this is important for putting forward reasonable working versions, choosing the right direction of investigation after the initiation of a criminal case. The nature of the tasks, solved ay the stage of pre-investigation verification, requires the use of complexes of appropriate actions during its conduct, which it is advisable to call tactical. According the author, the tactical complex is a system of investigative, other procedural, operational-investigative, informational, organizational and other auxiliary actions aimed at obtaining evidence relevant to solving a relatively localized tack of preliminary investigation subordinated to its general purpose, and thus being a relatively local method of pre-trial proceedings. The peculiarity of the tactical complex of actions carried out as part of the pre-investigation check is the absence of elements of the criminalistics characteristics of the relevant crime in its informational basis, since in the initial situation of pre-trial proceedings its signs have not yet been established. Separate information indicating their possible presence also does not form a criminalistics characteristic of the crime. At the same time, they can be used in choosing the right direction of work to establish its signs as a basis for initiating a criminal case. According to the author, this tactical complex should be a necessary element of multifunctional computer programs - private forensic techniques of pre-trial proceedings used directly in the detection and investigation of crimes, in the implementation of procedural control and prosecutorial supervision in pre-trial proceedings, as well as in educational and methodological activities with law enforcement officers.

The paper explores the modern possibilities of establishing perjury in criminal proceedings. The author traces the evolution of technologies that were proposed to establish perjury in various states. The article analyzes various points of view on the use of a polygraph in criminal proceedings, and also provides an overview of new technologies. It is concluded that it is necessary, first of all, to protect human rights and freedoms when using various technologies during the investigation of a criminal case.

A task. Based on the study of theoretical provisions and modern practice of proof and taking into account regulatory requirements, formulate the purpose of proof and analyze the features of the activities of participants in criminal proceedings who have the authority to collect, verify and evaluate evidence due to the establishment of circumstances to be proved. Methods: formal-legal, comparative-legal. Results: The authors come to the conclusion that the procedure of proof in criminal proceedings is caused by the goal of achieving the truth, which is possible only in the implementation of such criminal procedural activities, which is based on comprehensiveness, completeness and objectivity in making procedural decisions.

The article examines the organizational and legal aspects of the participation of internal affairs officers in case of emergency (situations). In the context of the current legislation, relying on a fairly representative body of scientific literature, the authors explore the conceptual field of the concept of an "emergency". Sharing the points of view of some legal scholars and critical of others, the authors attempt their own interpretation of the concept of an emergency. The relevance of the legal regulation of the use of forces and means by the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the event of emergency circumstances (situations) is due to the insufficient regulation of the current regulatory framework of domestic legislation in the field of organizing the prevention of emergency circumstances (situations). Emergencies are characterized by the death of people or threaten their life and health, material damage to individuals and legal entities, the natural environment in a certain area. In the context of the current legislation, scientific literature, the author explores the conceptual aspect of "emergency", and makes an attempt to author's interpretation of the concept of an emergency and notes the need for further legal regulation of the organization of the activities of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the event of emergencies, as negative events The authors explore the conceptual aspect of "emergency", and makes an attempt to author's interpretation of the concept of an emergency and notes the need for further legal regulation of the organization of the activities of the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia in the event of emergencies, as negative events. The purpose of the research. The article discusses emergencies that, in combination of objective and subjective factors, create a causal series of negative events. They are associated with natural disasters of a natural, man-made, biological and social nature. The research methods were the categories of materialistic dialectics, as well as general scientific and special research methods, in particular: analysis and synthesis; induction and deduction; statistical analysis, method of expert assessments, methods of generalization, modeling, forecasting, studying documentary data, functional and system-structural.

The purpose of the study. The purpose of this study is to examine the concept, essence, evolution and current state of the principle of presumption of innocence. Based on the study of the current state of this principle and the practice of its application, the problems that have arisen and exist in recent decades, indicating the involution of one of the fundamental principles of international law, are highlighted. The object of the study is the ongoing political processes that have a direct impact on the inviolability of the principle of presumption of innocence. The subject of the study is the relationship between the activities of judicial, law enforcement agencies and other entities and the influence of a certain ideology and political processes on them. The methodological basis of the research is the universal dialectical method, general scientific and private scientific methods, including historical and legal, comparative, observation and legal modeling methods. Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion about the direct relationship between the inviolability of the principle of presumption of innocence and the ongoing global political processes.

The purpose of the presented article is a criminological analysis of crimes committed by persons under the age of eighteen; identification of the features of the causes and conditions of such crimes; determination of the most effective measures to counteract them. Conclusions. Juvenile delinquency has its own characteristic features and peculiarities: most often teenagers commit crimes in a group; crimes are situational in nature; they are distinguished by unmotivated aggression and cruelty; property crimes are most often committed; among the motives of crimes, the following prevail: selfish, revenge, the desire to earn authority, hooligan. The reasons for committing a crime are: a bad example of parents or family members; incitement of adults, as a rule, criminals; lack of interests, occupations for a minor; possible propaganda of an antisocial lifestyle on the Internet; lack of parents of the possibility of material support for their minor child. The conditions of juvenile delinquency include: the lack of appropriate control of the family and educational institutions for minors; an increase in the number of children with developmental delays; the lack of a system of employment and leisure activities. The most effective measures to prevent juvenile delinquency are: educational, pedagogical, cultural, social. Their main goal is to improve the living conditions of a teenager and family relationships.

The article presents the results of a study of the problem of overcoming violations of the principle of adversarial parties, in particular, the right of the defense party to present evidence and attach them to the case materials and its provision with criminal procedural means. The right of the defense party to participate in the process of proving equally with the prosecution is ensured by the provisions of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, criminal procedure and criminal legislation, regardless of the stage of procedural activity, as well as the attitude to the proceedings. The right to judicial protection is not only the right to appeal to the court, but also the possibility of obtaining real judicial protection by restoring violated rights and freedoms, which must be provided by the state in accordance with the criteria of efficiency and fairness. The constitutional principles of justice arising from Articles 19 (Parts 1 and 2), 46 (Parts 1 and 2), 47 (Part 1) and 123 (Part 3) of the Constitution of the Russian Federation presuppose both strict adherence to the procedure of criminal proceedings, and the timeliness and effectiveness of protecting the rights and legitimate interests of not only the accused, but also persons suspected of committing a crime. Unfortunately, investigators and interrogators often deny the defense the right to present evidence and attach it to a criminal case, while taking advantage of loopholes in legislation and vague (sometimes too broad) interpretations in the governing acts of judicial interpretation. This leads to the fact that there is no alternative to the prosecution's version and, of course, to a significant violation of the rights of the accused as participants in criminal proceedings. The negative consequences of this may be cases of unjustified accusation and conviction of innocent persons, the occurrence of other grave consequences (for example, the illness of an illegally accused /convicted person, causing property damage during the confiscation of property based on a false accusation, the application of other property sanctions, discrediting and defamation of such a person, etc.). In addition, of course, this practice it causes serious damage to the authority of the court, law enforcement agencies, and the formation of negative public opinion about them. The article analyzes in detail the cases of refusals to submit and attach evidence, examines the "argumentation" given by the staff of the preliminary investigation bodies, judges, and clearly proves its fallacy, using the example of cases that have a great public resonance and the author's personal experience as a lawyer in such cases. Criminal procedural means of countering such violations are being investigated. In conclusion, based on the conducted research, the author formulates a conclusion aimed at overcoming the accusatory bias and violations of the rights of participants in court proceedings in cases with public resonance, improving and increasing the effectiveness of preventing violations of the constitutional right to defense and adversarial parties.

The emergence of new objects of identity identification is the impetus for the creation of new types and kinds of expertise, the basis of the systematic development of which is the accumulation and systematization of knowledge in this field, the development or improvement of existing means and methods of their research. The rapid development of identity recognition technologies based on the iris of the eye served as a kind of starting point in the study of this object. Accumulating the data of anatomy, medicine, anthropology, iridodiagnostics, technical sciences; transforming them to solve the problems of forensic examination, it is possible to obtain information about the properties, signs of the iris of the eye, which will begin the formation of the scientific foundations of forensic identification of a person by the iris of the eye.

Purpose of the study. The article discusses the features of the production of certain investigative and other procedural actions against lawyers, the specifics of which were not reflected in the provisions of Ch. 52 Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to establish the specifics of the detention of lawyers, the presentation of charges, the production of other investigative actions in the home and office of lawyers, in addition to inspection, seizure and search. Conclusions. As a result of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that it is inappropriate to introduce additional special requirements for the detention of a lawyer on suspicion of committing a crime. After analyzing the specifics of involving a lawyer as an accused, the author proposes to provide for the grounds for granting the status of a suspect to a decision on recognition as a suspect; in relation to a lawyer, it should be made by the head of the investigative body of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for the constituent entity of the Russian Federation on the basis of the prosecutor’s conclusion on the presence of signs of a crime in actions of a lawyer. In order to resolve the issue of the specifics of the conduct of investigative actions in the dwelling and office premises of a lawyer, in addition to inspection, search and seizure, a proposal is made to legislatively provide for the need to produce in court permission to conduct any investigative actions in the dwelling.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the limitation of freedom as a type of criminal punishment in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author shows the evolution this type of punishment after 1997, reveals the content of the punishment and identifies its differences from conditional conviction. Historical, comparative law and system-comparative methods studying social legal phenomenon methods of research have been applied. In the article is marked the content of limitation of freedom is changed due to adoption of new Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan on July 3, 2014. The legislator began to use conception «forced labour» in case of describing this type of the criminal punishment. Such amendments become the ground for theoretical and practical issues. In this connection research is being conducted of the definite positions of the criminal legislation that is concerning limitation of freedom. As a result of the appointed research lacks and faults of the criminal legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan are revealed, which has practical significance, and also formulated conclusions and suggestions, recommendations which are allowed to eliminate marked lacks and faults. Moreover, on basis of the international experience is proposed to improve provisions regulating the punishment in the form of limitation of freedom, for the purposes to increase it’s effective.

The purpose of the study is consideration of the phenomenon of environmental migration in modern international law. The author analyzed the problems of independence of the complex of international legal norms on environmental migration. Also in this article, related concepts of "climatic migration" and "environmental refugees" are considered on the basis of existing international treaties. Results. In international legal science, there is still no single concept of environmental migration. However, at the level of international organizations specializing in environmental and migration issues, there is a tendency to refine this term. As a result of comparing national legal systems in terms of recognizing environmental migrants, the author comes to the conclusion that their rights are fragmented. Such an approach reduces the effectiveness of the introduction and development of a full-fledged legal protection of such persons. Thus, the author singled out the reasons for this state in the deliberate falsification of the reasons that prompted citizens to change their place of residence in another country.