Vol 20, No 4 (2024): КАЧЕСТВО ЖИЗНИ: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ, ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ И КАДРОВОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ

The aim of the study was to identify the prerequisites for the implementation of basic income elements in the pension system of the Russian Federation in the medium term. Through an analysis of the scientific discourse on the feasibility of introducing unconditional basic support for the population both globally and in Russia, it has been established that the realization of such support remains an ambiguous solution to this day. The relevance of maintaining a balance between meeting the minimum needs of certain vulnerable categories of citizens through basic income and preventing the replacement of all sources of livelihood with such income has been emphasized. By analyzing the changes in the current material level of support for disabled citizens within the pensioning framework of a specific region, it was revealed that achieving the goals of the long-term development strategy of the country's pension system and raising the material living standards of pensioners to the level of ratified international standards within the existing insurance model is possible only through a breakthrough increase in social responsibility among the state, citizens, and insurers. Using mathematical forecasting methods, results of an actuarial forecast of demographic indicators for the pension system up to 2050 were obtained, confirming that maintaining financial balance in the pension system will be possible through increased interbudgetary transfers. Considering the digital transformation of society, individualization of labor, changes in the employment sector, and a decrease in social responsibility, the pension system will face serious challenges regarding the financial sustainability of state obligations for pension insurance in the medium term. The analysis of funding sources and the results of forecasting parameters of the pension system confirmed the hypothesis about the possibility of transforming certain components of pensions and social supplements into a guaranteed universal support system for the population based on the concept of basic income.

The advanced development area is an effective tool for regulating the country's economic development. However, the existing preferential regime for doing business does not take into account the growing importance of improving the standard and quality of life of the population of these territories. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to supplement the indicators characterizing the effectiveness of advanced development areas with quality of life indicators. The methodological tools of the study are based on the use of the basic provisions of the methodology of the Institute of Socio-Economic Problems of Population named after N.M. Rimashevskaya, according to which seven components of the standard and quality of life are determined. The study is based on the example of advanced development areas created in single-industry towns. Such territories have currently been created in 84 single-industry towns, where 1,430 residents are registered. 8.5 years have passed since the creation of the first advanced development area in a single-industry town, but to date no methodology has been developed for determining the effectiveness of their activities. The article tested the hypothesis that the quality of life is a significant indicator of the effectiveness of activities in the advanced development areas. The analysis of the main characteristics of the socio-economic development of single-industry towns that shape the quality of life of the population allowed us to form a "portrait of the advanced development area that is most attractive to residents", to establish the use by residents, using the example of the advanced development area «Naberezhnye Chelny», of existing labor-intensive technologies that are ineffective in the context of a shortage of labor resources and the country's focus on achieving technological sovereignty. The need to adjust regulatory legal acts in the field of advanced development areas is substantiated, in terms of requirements for business plans of potential residents with the inclusion of quality of life indicators differentiated in accordance with the type of economic activity of residents and the socio-economic characteristics of single-industry towns. It is proposed to use these indicators to assess the effectiveness of advanced development areas created in single-industry towns.

The article is devoted to the monetary conditions for the formation of consumer spending of the population and its purchasing power for spending in the period 2014-2023. The information base was formed by macroeconomic data of state statistics, customs statistics, monitoring studies in the field of income and living standards of the population, conducted at the Institute of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The article highlights 4 areas of research - consumer spending as a component of the structure of monetary spending of the population; consumer spending in the context of retail turnover and import of consumer goods; average structural model of consumption; purchasing power of the population for consumption spending. In all areas of the study, a deterioration in the situation was revealed in the crisis years of 2015, 2020, 2022. It is shown that during these years the population developed a crisis strategy of saving on consumption. The volumes of retail turnover during the years of crisis fell against the background of a reduction in the flow of commodity imports, and losses from sales in the conditions of their deep decline were compensated by an accelerated growth in consumer prices, which had negative consequences for saving on consumption expenses. It is shown that in the commodity structure of imports the share of food products and agricultural raw materials (except textiles) decreased, and the share of textiles, textile products and footwear, on the contrary, increased. It was found that the average statistical structural model of consumption in the period under review did not undergo radical changes, but in crisis conditions it worsened due to changes in consumer behavior of the population, as evidenced by the growth in the share of food expenses. It was determined that the purchasing power of the population for consumer expenses, identifying the standard of living by consumption and measured using the consumer basket of the subsistence minimum, is differentiated by sectors of the consumer market (food and non-food products, services). It was the lowest in the food sector. In crisis conditions, the level of the indicator was subject to a decrease in all sectors of the consumer market.

The research is devoted to the problem of housing security of Russian families with children. This article highlights the methods of state regulation in the field of housing policy aimed at improving the housing conditions of families with children.  The normative-legislative acts regulating housing relations in Russia are considered. The object of the study is families with children, the subject of the research is government regulation in the field of social housing policy. The aim of the study was to summaries the main measures of state support available to families with children to improve their housing conditions, identification of the dynamics of adopted measures of state support (changes in existing measures – clarification of categories of recipients, conditions). The information basis for realization of the research objective was formed by federal legal and subordinate normative legal acts of the Russian Federation: federal laws; decrees and other acts of the President of the Russian Federation; decrees, orders of the Government of the Russian Federation regulating housing relations in Russia. The results of the study reveal the main state mechanisms for providing housing for families with children in need, and give a comprehensive view of the state of housing programmes in Russia in the 20-year retrospective. The conclusions are drawn that as a result of the improvement of the state legislation in the field of housing policy the tools, mechanisms and financing of housing security of families with children have significantly expanded. However, despite the comprehensive efforts of the state to solve the problem of housing improvement, the problem of housing security of families with children is still acute in modern Russia, which indicates the need to optimise the measures of state support to improve housing conditions. The results of the study may be in demand in the implementation of measures of financial state support to improve the housing security of the population, including the implementation of national projects and government programmes.

The article explores the theoretical, methodological, and methodical aspects of evaluating program-based instruments of public administration within the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Various approaches to determining the effectiveness of public administration and its mechanisms in a historical context are analyzed. The purpose of the study is to analyze the experience with program-based management in the social sector in terms of implementing regional programs to reduce poverty in the regions of Russia. The focus of the research is on regional poverty reduction programs and their implementation. During the monitoring of 42 regional poverty reduction programs that have been approved, based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) and other relevant sources, a structural assessment of the programs was conducted, and the most prevalent challenges associated with their implementation were identified. Measures that have had the greatest impact on reducing absolute poverty in regions of the Russian Federation have been identified. Recommendations for improving regional programs have been proposed, including measures aimed at enhancing the incomes of working populations, such as increasing wages for public sector employees who are not “covered” by presidential decrees, and assisting vulnerable workers in improving their professional skills to promote wage growth. In order to enhance the current social assistance system, it is proposed that the criteria for the provision of regional maternity capital be reviewed, and the scope of financial assistance measures for families at risk of poverty be expanded. Particular attention should be paid to the principle of customer-centeredness in the provision of public services by employment agencies.

The article deals with one of the most important issues of the demographic future of Russia. Russia is facing an acute issue of choosing the path of demographic development. And considering that for more than thirty years Russia has actually been following the modern Western path of demographic development, the basic model of which is the globally liberal model of demographic transition, the question arises: to what extent does this path take into account Russia's national interests? In our opinion, this path of demographic development leads to a dead end, leads, in fact, to the disappearance of the Russian population. And how can it be otherwise if the main model of a family is a family with one child, or without one at all. This model is well described in the concept of the second demographic transition. Based on the latter, the idea of the Eurasian path of demographic development appeared. The article reveals in sufficient detail the ideas of Eurasianism, modern neo-Eurasianism, while, according to some Russian scientists, the idea of a new Eurasianism can be considered as a national idea that would contribute to the unity and rise of sovereign Russia in "conditions of harsh cultural and civilizational expansion of the West." The paper proves that only by following the Eurasian path of demographic development, Russia will be able to successfully get out of a difficult demographic situation, which is characterized by the concept of "demographic crisis", a characteristic and significant feature of which are negative qualitative demographic changes. Especially such kind of tendencies we can observe among young people. The article briefly reveals the role of international migration, which can contribute to overcoming a difficult demographic situation, provided that a competent migration policy is carried out. This policy should take into account not only the interests of big capital, but also the interests of the Russian population and the regional interests of Russia. Among the migrants arriving in Russia, the most significant group, both demographically and economically, may be Old Believers living mainly in the far abroad. And in the conclusion of the article, proposals are made to improve the current demographic situation in Russia. The results of the study can be used in the process of improving demographic and migration policies conducted in Russia.

This article examines the impact of a set of indicators of social well-being of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Sverdlovsk oblast, Kursk oblast, Vologda oblast and Tyumen oblast on the migration potential of residents of these Russian regions. The data from a Russian study (late 2023 - early 2024) in the above-mentioned regions of the Russian Federation, carried out within the framework of the "Sociocultural Portraits of Russian Regions" program. The Bashkortostan part of the field study was conducted by the authors of this article. Based on the analysis of the data obtained, it was confirmed that both objective and subjective factors influence the migration attitudes of the population. The infrastructural and institutional features of the development of the social space of the region, are expressed in the presence or absence of high-quality jobs, the degree of development of social services, public transport, educational and medical institutions, landscaping, the state of the environment, etc. Subjective factors are manifested in the respondents' assessments and their attitude not only to the region of their residence, but also to the place of their current work, the conditions and opportunities for realizing their claims to "new" employment, professional self-realization and a decent level of wages. The thesis that respondents who want to earn "well" and "a lot" have a relatively high migration potential was confirmed. It was found that representatives of the not very mobile but low-income group of the population are also inclined to change their region of residence, especially those families whose financial situation has worsened over the past year. It was also revealed that social capital, i.e. the level of trust in people, as well as state and public institutions, is equally important for the population, regardless of their place of residence and work.