Том 42, № 5 (2016)

Results of ten cycles of divergent selection on water extract viscosity (WEV) based on varieties of winter rye Al’fa and Moskovskaya 12 are presented. Efficiency of selection depended both on genotype of a variety and direction of selection. Selection in a plus-direction was more effective than in a minus-direction. After ten cycles of selection, the potential of WEV increased in high viscosity populations by 3.3–6.0 times, while it decreased by 2.6–3.5 times in low viscosity populations. The asymmetry of the response was detected during the first cycle of the selection and it remained in all subsequent cycles. The high viscosity populations were more yielding (by 23.8%) than low viscosity populations and had the best baking qualities of grain. Their superiority manifested the most strongly by grain unit (by 7.9%), weight of 1000 grains (by 23.4%), falling number (by 90 s), amylogram height (by 5.4 times), and gelatinization temperature of starch (by 3.2°С). From low viscosity populations, strongly blurring bread with large pores and sticky and restive crumb was produced. Prospects of selection of baking and fodder varieties of a winter rye based on selection of genotypes with high and low WEV are discussed.

The results of trials of nanosized silica and its preparation forms under the conditions of Kamchatka krai are given. The dose and methods of silica usage for potato cultivation were identified. When introduced into the soil, silica improved productivity to 16.1–25.7% (2.8–3.6 t/ha). Treatment of tubers and plants with Miwa agro improved productivity to 12.4–16.9% (2.2–3.0 t/ha), with silica (gel) to 13.5–20.3% (2.4–3.6 t/ha) and silica (powder) to 10.7–16.4% (1.9–2.9 t/ha). We offer effective methods of using silica and Miwa agro to reduce the incidence of Rhizoctonia solani. Silica improves phosphorus-potassium nutrition of plants.

The results of molecular genetic analysis of wild species and varieties of genus Malus Mill. for loci of monogenic scab resistance are presented. Dominant allele of gene Rvi6 was identified in varieties of M. robusta 43199, M. hupehensis, and M. floribunda. Locus Rvi4 was detected in genotypes of M. robusta v. persicifolia, M. asiatica 2343, M. sieversii 13280, M. niedzwetzkyana 13279, M. purpurea 2392, M. orientalis 41623, M. orientalis 29476, M. orientalis 29 460, M. spectabilis v. albi plena, and M. spectabilis v. rubra plena. Gene Rvi5 in the test collection of wild species is absent.

It was found that irrigation with water with salinity of 5–6 g/L increases the concentration of soil solution and the osmotic pressure of cell fluid in plants. An increase in these parameters does not harm the growth and development of cotton plants, since the concentration of cell fluid is five times higher than that of soil solution; i.e., water and nutrient intake from the soil is not affected. The transpiration rate in plants irrigated with water with salinity of 5–6 g/L is lower by 11% than that in plants irrigated with fresh water. This results from the elevation of cell fluid concentration in plants irrigated with saline water and increased mass of leaves in plants irrigated with fresh water. However, the amount of water transpirated by cotton plants irrigated with saline water during the vegetation period is lower by 18% than that in plants irrigated with fresh water. It was found that the transpiration rate, regardless of water salinity and the mass of leaves, increases until the flowering period and then decreases by the end of vegetation period.

Studies on evaluating the tensile strength quality of the sod of single-specific and mixed lawn crops have been carried out on sod–podzolic soils in the Ryazan oblast. An evaluation is given for the tensile strength quality of sod in lawn herbage crops over the period of 3 study years. The highest sod tensile strength was recorded in single-specific crops, namely, in creeping red fescue, red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and stolon-forming bentgrass; among mixed crops, the highest sod tensile strength was found in the three-component (creeping red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and stolon-forming bentgrass) and four-component (stolon-forming bentgrass, red fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping red fescue) herbage mixture. The lowest tensile strength of the sod was recorded in perennial ryegrass and three-component mixtures (creeping red fescue, sheep fescue, and perennial ryegrass).

In 2009–2014 in conditions of the Precaucasian steppe zone, biological effectiveness of the following preparations was achieved in the fight with main pests of the winter wheat: Actara, B-58 New, Decis Profi, Diazinon Euro, Karate Zeon, Konfidor Extra, Cruiser, Kinmiks, Mospilan, Picus, Sirocco, Scenic Combi, Tabu, Tiara, Fastac, Shaman, Eforie, and active substances of the preparation thiamethoxam + difenoconazole + fludioxonil. Their application by spraying vegetating plants and the presowing treatment of seeds allows the successful fight with the black wheat fly, the cereal ground beetle, the sunn pest, with the molding of seeds, the common bunt, and root rots of the Fusarium–Helminthosporium etiology.

The literature review focuses on endophytic bacteria inhabiting woody plants. Endophytic bacteria for genera Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Burkholderia, and Erwina are shown to be found in almost all woody tissues. In additional, endophytic bacteria have been found in reproductive plant organs. It is shown that endophytic bacteria have functional properties that are useful for host plants: the ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce growth simulating and biocontrol substances, and to induce systemic resistane of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses. Endophytic bacteria are a major part of the microbiome of woody plants, possess valuable functional properties of host plants, and are a promising biotechnological resource for the development of complex microbial preparations for agriculture and forestry.

The article provides the results of measurements of the velocity of the upward water flow in capillary xylem bundles by laser sounding for cucumber plants (hybrid TSHA-575). An adsorption laser meter of water flow velocity in plants was developed. We showed experimental and calculated dependences of linear velocity of xylem flow on the level of gradients of bioelectric potentials along the stem of a plant. Comparative analysis of the obtained experimental results with the model was carried out.

This paper presents the results of breeding drought- and salt-tolerant varieties of fodder halophytes and the innovative technologies of ecological restoration of degraded rangeland ecosystems developed on their basis. The latter have been shown to restore the lost typical zonal biodiversity and fodder productivity of rangelands in arid regions of the south of Russia.

Results of a study of morphological features of rice meadow-chernozemic soil under conditions of Krasnodar krai are presented. The following inherent soil processes have been identified: gleyzation, hardsetting, and decarbonizing. It was found that the permanent rice cultivation since 1937, compared with rice crop rotation, contributes to the destruction of soil structure and intensification of surface horizons hardsetting.

The reclamation resource is an increase in crop yield under the influence of forest shelterbelts. The reclamation effectiveness of pine plantations exceeds that of deciduous plantations formed by ash, honey locust, and elm. The greatest value of the reclamation resource is characteristic of stands with a width of 15–18 m at the age of 80 years. One-ha forest belts can form a zone of reclamation effect with an area of 9 ha in which it is possible to obtain an increase in winter wheat yield up to 1.6 t at a cost of up to RUR 15300.

The effects of polymorphism in the TG5 and LEP genes on meat productivity of Hereford and Limousin bull calves have been studied under the environmental conditions in the pre-Ural steppe zone. A significant dominance of the TG5^C and Lep^A alleles is determined in the animals of both breeds; the distributions of frequencies of the genotypes for the TG5 gene are similar in character. The most common genotypes are TG5^CC and TG5^CT. The genotype frequency analysis indicates the considerable genetic potential of the animals for palatability and the nutritional values of meat, which is specified by the relatively high proportions of the TG5^T allele and the desirableTG5^TT genotype. The breed differences in the frequencies of genotypes for the LEP gene were ascertained as follows: the LEP^AA genotype is predominant in the Hereford bull calves, while the relatively useful LEP^AB genotype prevails in the Limousin bull calves. No significant relationship between the target TG5 and LEP SNP-genes and the animal growth rates was revealed.

The contents of the essential and nonessential amino acids in meat of the crossbred (White Giant × Soviet Chinchilla × Californian) and purebred (White Giant and Soviet Chinchilla) young stock rabbits are analyzed. The age-associated tendencies to both increasing and decreasing the essential amino acid contents have been ascertained in the crossbred rabbits and the purebred animals, respectively. The highest increase in the value for meat protein quality was registered in the crossbred young stock animals (20.7%) aged 77 to 90 days, while the lowest rise for the item was recorded in the White Giant peers (1.5%). The essential amino acid contents in the boneless carcasses of the crossbred young stock animals compared to the White Giant and the Soviet Chinchilla young-stock rabbits at the age of 77 days were 5.9 g or 6.5% and 9.3 g or 10.6% higher, respectively; with respect to the 90-day-old animals, the values comprised 9.9 g or 9.2% and 18.3 g or 18.5%, respectively.

The results of the study of potential ability of gamma rays (⁶⁰Co, PX-gamma-30) to inactivate African swine fever virus in porcine hyperimmune sera, cell culture, and rawhide obtained from animals with African swine fever are discussed. Upon exposure to gamma rays in the doses varying from 5 kGy to 40 kGy, the virus more readily lost its infectivity than its antigenicity, as was demonstrated by the hemadsorption test, inhibition assay, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and the biological assay involving pigs.

This paper considers the coagulation technology of butadiene-styrene rubber latex SKS-30 ark using beet sugar industry waste—depleted molasses. The factors that influence the coagulation process of the SKS-30 ark rubber were established using full factorial experiment. Mathematics model derived with full factorial experiment is a linear equation.

The structural changes of the ultrafine compounds and removal of impurities and resins from the operating oils are necessary to increase the efficiency of the in-place repair of tractor engines under the action of the repair-recovery compounds, tribo-preparations. It was revealed as a result of the electron microscopy that the tribo-compounds consisting of molybdenum disulfide, cuprum, and phosphorus modifies its chemical composition, which decreases after being exposed to ammonium hydroxide. To neutralize the action of the oxidation products in the operating engine oil, carbonic acid diamide capable of enlarging the resins, asphaltenes, carbenes, and carboide dissolved in the oil is added into the tribo-preparation composition. Adding the structure lubricating composition to operating engine oil enlarges the impurities' particle size from 0.1–0.5 to 10–20 μm, so that they can be easily removed by the centrifuges included into the lubrication system of the combustion engine. According to the results of evaluation of the antiwear properties of the lubricating compositions consisting of the operating oil with the admixture of the unstructured and structured tribo-preparation, the reduction of the wear spot by 50% in favor of the latter is specified. The comparative bench tests of the repair and recovery compounds before and after structuring showed a high recovery effect of the second (structured) composition.

The objective of this study was to investigate the noise emitted from a tractor diesel engine, Perkins A63544, using neat diesel fuel and water-diesel emulsions (2, 5, 8 and 10% water by volume). The engine noise was measured at tractor driver’s ear position at four levels of engine speeds ranging from 1600 to 1900 rpm with steps of 100 rpm. No change in the engine components and fuel injection systems was made. The tractor engine sound at driver’s ear position was measured by a HT 157 sound level meter in a test site, which was prepared and managed according to ISO 5131 standard. The time domain engine sound signals were recorded in a computer hard disk. The digital sound in time domain was converted to frequency domain using FFT algorithm. The results obtained from 1/3rd octave frequency band showed that the greatest sound pressure level was observed at firing frequency. The loudest engine sound was found for neat diesel and E₂ emulsion, while the combustion of E₈ emulsion had the lowest noise emission. The statistical analysis showed significant effects (P < 0.01) of the engine speed and fuel type parameters on the engine noise. The overall engine noise increased when increasing the engine speed. Comparing to neat diesel, using water-diesel emulsion did not change the overall engine noise emission significantly (P > 0.01). The results also showed that the overall engine noise was very high and could be dangerous for the driver health. The driver’s exposure time should be less than one hour/day and there is needed to implement the noise control program for the tractor and driver.