Obshchestvo i ekonomika

This article substantiates the need to develop a new model of state strategic planning by integrating security issues into the Decree on National Development Goals, which is the country’s de facto strategic goal-setting document. It is shown that national interests should be the starting point for formulating national development goals, which in turn serve as the initial basis for developing strategic planning documents at the goal-setting level. A new conceptual model of strategic planning documents is proposed, summarizing three levels of decomposition of national development goals. The first level of decomposition of national development goals should be reflected in the National Security Strategy; the second, in the main areas of activity of the Government of the Russian Federation; and the third, in sectoral (intersectoral) strategies. The conclusion notes the prospects for implementing the new strategic planning model in Russian public administration practices to ensure national security and socioeconomic development.

The feasibility of Russia’s goals to achieve technological sovereignty and technological leadership by 2030 is assessed in the article, focusing on internal economic constraints. It identifies four stages in the evolution of Russian technology policy since the late 1990s, tracing its consistent transition from a market-oriented to a mobilization model. The authors analyze key indicators of investment and innovation activity in recent years, revealing systemic problems with the economy’s technological modernization; examine Russia’s position in the Global Innovation Index, identifying its level of innovation development relative to global technological leaders and leading BRICS countries. The need for Russia to escape the middle-technology trap is emphasized as means to overcome the technological deceleration trend. The findings suggest that even in the absence of sanctions, Russia’s prospects for technological leadership depend on structural transformations in its economic model, while a baseline scenario would ensure only limited technological sovereignty at the cost of increasing technological lag in civilian sectors relative to global standards.

The article is devoted to the analysis of indicators characterizing the dynamics of scientific and technological development in 2019–2023, which acts as a characteristic of the ability of the Russian Federation to respond to great challenges. The share of domestic expenditures on research and development in GDP fluctuates slightly, remaining within 1%, which is significantly lower than the same indicator in economically and technologically developed countries of the world. There has been a steady increase in spending on civil science from the federal budget in absolute terms; the increase in funding for applied research exceeds the increase in funding for basic research. The number of researchers in the Russian Federation decreased in 2023 compared to 2019 (while there is an increase in the number of researchers in the natural sciences and humanities); in the technical, medical and social sciences, the number of researchers decreased. The indicator “number of highly cited publications by Russian authors” grew. The share of highly cited publications by Russian authors in the global number of such publications increased in 2020–2022, but in 2023 there was a decrease in the indicator, which means problems with the integration of Russian science into the global scientific community; the decline in the visibility of Russian science. The prospects for scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation in the context of great challenges are determined by the following factors: the availability of natural resources, historically strong scientific schools in mathematics, physics and other natural sciences; the development of certain priority areas of science and technology; and the implementation of innovation support programs. In this regard, it is proposed to focus efforts in the following areas: increasing funding for scientific research, creating favorable conditions for the work of scientists, improving innovation infrastructure, stimulating cooperation between science and production, and concentrating resources on the development of priority areas.

The article examines in detail the main characteristics, conceptual foundations and effects of the implementation of the US tariff policy during the second presidential term of D. Trump. The article analyzes the theoretical foundations of the foreign trade policy pursued by the Trump administration and the factors determining its effectiveness in contemporary conditions. Particular attention is paid to the inconsistency of D. Trump’s tariff policy with the current norms of foreign trade regulation within the WTO and its impact on the further functioning of the multilateral trading system. An assessment of the impact of the Trump’s tariff policy influence on global trade and Russia’s foreign trade is given.