Autonomic dysreflexia in the practice of a urologist
- Authors: Salyukov R.V.1,2, Bushkov F.A.2, Frolova M.V.2,3
-
Affiliations:
- Peoples’ friendship university of Russia
- Rehabilitation center for persons with disabilities “Preodolenie”
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Issue: Vol 11, No 3 (2021)
- Pages: 257-262
- Section: Lectures for the doctors
- URL: https://bakhtiniada.ru/uroved/article/view/79734
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/uroved79734
- ID: 79734
Cite item
Abstract
Autonomic dysreflexia (AD) is a potentially life-threatening condition that develops in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) at or above the T6 segment. First of all this condition is characterized by uncontrolled arterial hypertension, which can lead to catastrophic complications and even death. The trigger for the development of AD is often urological complications, as well as diagnostic and therapeutic manipulations on the lower urinary tract. It is important for urologists to be aware of the AD syndrome, clinical features of AD, acute and chronic management, as well as prevention episodes of AD in patients with neurogenic lower urinary dysfunction. AD is defined as an increase of systolic blood pressure of 20 mmHg from baseline in response to various afferent stimuli originating below the level of spinal cord injury. AD is based on exaltation of spinal reflex activity with irradiation of impulses in the spinal cord under conditions of dennervation preganglionic sympathetic neurons located above the T6 segment and hyperactivity of peripheral α-adrenergic receptors. The main pathophysiological mechanism of AD is hypernoradrenalinemia, leading to vasoconstriction of the vessels of the skin, abdominal cavity, muscles below the level of neurological injury.
Full Text
##article.viewOnOriginalSite##About the authors
Roman V. Salyukov
Peoples’ friendship university of Russia; Rehabilitation center for persons with disabilities “Preodolenie”
Author for correspondence.
Email: salyukov2012@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7128-6400
SPIN-code: 8077-9122
Cand. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor
Russian Federation, 6, Miklukho-Maklaya str., Moscow, 6117198; MoscowFedor A. Bushkov
Rehabilitation center for persons with disabilities “Preodolenie”
Email: bushkovfedor@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3001-0985
SPIN-code: 7593-3400
Cand. Sci. (Med.), exercise therapy doctor, neurologist
Russian Federation, MoscowMaria V. Frolova
Rehabilitation center for persons with disabilities “Preodolenie”; Lomonosov Moscow State University
Email: mary.froloy@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5198-288X
Postgraduate
Russian Federation, Moscow; MoscowReferences
- Eldahan KC, Rabchevsky AG. Autonomic dysreflexia after spinal cord injury: Systemic pathophysiology and methods of management. Auton Neurosci. 2018;209:59–70. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.05.002
- Krassioukov AV, Mashkovskiy EV, Achkasov EE, Kashchenko EM. Disturbances of Cardiovascular System in Persons with Chronic Spinal Cord Injury during Exercise and Participation in Paralympic Sports. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2018;73(4):236–243 (In Russ.) doi: 10.15690/vramn969
- Garshick E, Kelley A, Cohen SA, et al. A prospective assessment of mortality in chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(7):408–416. doi: 10.1038/sj.sc.3101729
- Nejrogennaja disfunkcija nizhnih mochevyvodjashhih putej. Klinicheskie rekomen-dacii MZ RF; 2020. Available from: https:// legalacts.ru/doc/klinicheskie-rekomendatsii-neirogennaja-disfunktsija-nizhnikh-mochevyvodjashchikh-putei-utv-minzdravom/
- Blok B, Castro-Dias D, Del Popolo G, et al., Guidelines of European Association of Urology, Neuro-urology. 2020. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guideline/neuro-urology/
- Stephenson RO, Berliner J. Autonomic Dysreflexia in Spinal Cord Injury. Medscape. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/322809-overview
- Liu N, Zhou MW, Biering-Sørensen F, Krassioukov AV. Cardiovascular response during urodynamics in individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2017;55(3):279–284. doi: 10.1038/sc.2016.110
- Walters ET. How is chronic pain related to sympathetic dysfunction and autonomic dysreflexia following spinal cord injury? Auton Neurosci. 2018;209:79–89. doi: 10.1016/j.autneu.2017.01.006
- Corcos J, Przydacz M. Consultation in Neurourology. Springer: Switzerland; 2018. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-63910-9_5
- Inskip JA, Lucci VM, McGrath MS, et al. A Community Perspective on Bowel Management and Quality of Life after Spinal Cord Injury: The Influence of Autonomic Dysreflexia. J Neurotrauma. 2018;35(9):1091–1105. doi: 10.1089/neu.2017.5343
- Solinsky R, Kirshblum SC, Burns SP. Exploring detailed characteristics of autonomic dysreflexia. J Spinal Cord Med. 2018;41(5): 549–555. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2017.1360434
- Walter M, Knüpfer SC, Cragg JJ, et al. Prediction of autonomic dysreflexia during urodynamics: a prospective cohort study. BMC Med. 2018;16(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12916-018-1040-8
- Acute management of autonomic dysreflexia: adults with spinal cord injury presenting to health-care facilities. Consortium for spinal cord. J Spinal Cord Med. 1997;20(3):284–308. doi: 10.1080/10790268.1997.11719480
- Khastgir J, Drake MJ, Abrams P. Recognition and effective management of autonomic dysreflexia in spinal cordinjuries. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007;8(7):945–956. doi: 10.1517/14656566.8.7.945
- Popok DW, West CR, Hubli M, et al. Characterizing the Severity of Autonomic Cardiovascular Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury Using a Novel 24 Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Analysis Software. J Neurotrauma. 2017;34(3):559–566. doi: 10.1089/neu.2016.4573
- Cosman BC, Vu TT. Lidocaine anal block limits autonomic dysreflexia during anorectal procedures inspinal cord injury: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005;48(8):1556–1561. doi: 10.1007/s10350-005-0095-8
- Meagher A. Taking a bite out of nifedipine. Nursing. 2005;35(10):8. doi: 10.1097/00152193-200510000-00003
- Thyberg M, Ertzgaard P, Gylling M, Granerus G. Effect of nifedipine on cystometry-induced elevation of blood pressure in patients with a reflex urinary bladder after a highlevel spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1994;32(5):308–313. doi: 10.1038/sc.1994.53
- Esmail Z, Shalansky KF, Sunderji R, et al. Evaluation of captopril for the management of hypertension in autonomic dysreflexia: a pilot study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(5):604–608. doi: 10.1053/apmr.2002.30911
- Saito J, Kimura F, Ishihara H, Hirota K. [Case of autonomic hyperreflexia treated with intravenous nicardipine]. Masui. 2009;58(12):1528–1530. (In Japan.)
- Lindan R, Leffler EJ, Kedia KR. A comparison of the efficacy of an alpha-I-adrenergic blocker in the slow calcium channel blocker in the control of autonomic dysreflexia. Paraplegia. 1985;23(1): 34–38. doi: 10.1038/sc.1985.6
- Walter M, Ramirez AL, Lee AH, et al. Protocol for a phase II, open-label exploratory study investigating the efficacy of fesoterodine for treatment of adult patients with spinal cord injury suffering from neurogenic detrusor overactivity for amelioration of autonomic dysreflexia. BMJ Open. 2018;8(11): e024084. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024084
- Jung IY, Mo KI, Leigh JH. Effect of intravesical botulinum toxin injection on symptoms of autonomic dysreflexia in a patient with chronic spinal cord injury: a case report. J Spinal Cord Med. 2019;42(6):806–809. doi: 10.1080/10790268.2017.1322738
Supplementary files
