The U.S., Israel, and the Ongoing War in Gaza

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Open Access Open Access
Restricted Access Access granted
Restricted Access Subscription Access

Abstract

This article presents the results of an interim assessment of the United States’ military involvement in the first year of Israel's war in the Gaza Strip. The study focuses on the dynamics between the two countries as donor and recipient and how they affect the war. The results show that the rapid rearmament of Israel's arsenal of weapons and ammunition played a central role in escalating the war. It is argued that U.S. military assistance to Israel is an American national interest, not simply a favor to the Jewish state. Military cooperation with Israel provides a steady stream of revenue for American arms companies and keeps the production capacities of many enterprises located across the country busy. Military support for Israel in its war with the Palestinians is also considered in the context of broader American involvement in the Middle East. The article concludes that the main U.S. military actions in support of Israeli military operations during this period were related to direct conflict with the Yemeni paramilitary group Ansar Allah to protect commercial shipping routes in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden.

About the authors

N. N Bobkin

Georgy Arbatov Institute for U.S. and Canada Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: n.bobkin@iskran.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0009-8699
Moscow, Russian Federation

References

  1. Patrick, S. Israel’s Qualitative Military Edge: U.S. Arms Transfer Policy. E-International Relations. December 13, 2021. Available at: https://www.e-ir.info/2021/12/13/israels-qual-itative-military-edge-u-s-arms-transfer-policy/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  2. Treaties in Force. A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of the United States in Force. United States Department of State. January 01, 2020. Available at: https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TIF-2020-Full-website-view.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  3. Major Non-NATO Ally Status. Bureau of Political-Military Affairs. May 23, 2021. Available at: https://www.state.gov/major-non-nato-ally-status/ (accessed: 30.10.2024).
  4. Public Law 113–145. 113th Congress. Joint Resolution. August 04, 2014. Available at: https://www.congress.gov/113/plaws/publ145/PLAW-113publ145.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  5. Memorandum of Understanding Reached with Israel. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, September 14, 2016. Available at: https://obamawhitehouse.ar-chives.gov/the-press-office/2016/09/14/fact-sheet-memorandum-understanding-reached-israel (accessed 30.10.2024).
  6. U.S. Foreign Aid to Israel. Congressional Research Service. March 01, 2023. Available at: https://sgp.fas.org/crs/mideast/RL33222.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  7. Israel – KC-46A Aerial Refueling Aircraft. Defense Security Cooperation Agency. Transmittal No. 20-12. Available at: https://www.dsca.mil/sites/default/files/mas/israel_20-12.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  8. Public Law 116–283. 116th Congress. January 01, 2021. Available at: https://www.con-gress.gov/116/plaws/publ283/PLAW-116publ283.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  9. Excess Defense Articles (EDA). January 2024. Available at: https://www.dau.edu/sites/default/files/2024-01/Security%20Assistance%20Pro-grams%20Managed%20by%20DoD.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  10. Companies Profiting from the Gaza Genocide. American Friends Service Committee. June 06, 2024. Available at: https://afsc.org/gaza-genocide-companies (accessed 30.10.2024).
  11. Yousif, E. Ukraine Aid Shows that Military Aid Transparency is Possible. Just Security. August 18, 2023. Available at: https://www.justsecurity.org/87655/ukraine-shows-that-military-aid-transparency-is-possible/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  12. House Appropriations Committee Republicans. The Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act 2024,' press release. April 2024. Available at: https://appropriations.house.gov/news/press-releases/house-passes-series-security-supplemental-bills (accessed 30.10.2024).
  13. Hudson, J. U.S. Floods Arms into Israel Despite Mounting Alarm Over War’s Conduct. The Washington Post. March 06, 2024. Available at: https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/2024/03/06/us-weapons-israel-gaza/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  14. Malsin, J., Yousef, N.A. How the U.S. Arms Pipeline to Israel Avoids Public Disclosure. The Wall Street Journal. March 06, 2024. Available at https://www.wsj.com/world/how-the-u-s-arms-pipeline-to-israel-avoids-public-disclo-sure-e238de75 (accessed 30.10.2024).
  15. Davies, H., Ganguly, M. Gaza war puts US’s extensive weapons stockpile in Israel under scrutiny. The Guardian. December 27, 2023. Available at: https://www.theguard-ian.com/world/2023/dec/27/gaza-war-puts-us-extensive-weapons-stockpile-in-israel-under-scrutiny (accessed 30.10.2024).
  16. Concerns about Civilian Casualties in Gaza and Lack of Transparency on U.S. Provision of Weapons to Israel. United States Senate. December 05, 2023. Available at: https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2023.12.05%20Letter%20to%20Presi-dent%20Biden%20re%20Civilian%20Harm%20from%20Israel's%20use%20of%20U.S.%20Weapons%20in%20Gaza.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  17. Guay, T. Where do Israel and Hamas get their weapons? The Conversation. January 23, 2024. Available at: https://theconversation.com/where-do-israel-and-hamas-get-their-weapons-220762 (accessed 30.10.2024).
  18. Stavridis, J. Sending ‘Dumb’ Weapons from Israel to Ukraine Is Smart. JINSA. January 25, 2023. Available at: https://jinsa.org/sending-dumb-weapons-from-israel-to-ukraine/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  19. Zain, H. How top arms exporters have responded to the war in Gaza. SIPRI. October 03, 2024. Available at: https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-back-grounder/2024/how-top-arms-exporters-have-responded-war-gaza (accessed 30.10.2024).
  20. Copp, T. US approves $20 billion in weapons sales to Israel amid threat of wider Middle East war. AP. Available at: https://apnews.com/article/israel-gaza-20-billion-weapons-us-aid-b6a99129c88a5dcc4a4753e20b5e19ec (accessed 30.10.2024).
  21. Department Press Briefing – August 14, 2024. Available at: https://www.state.gov/briefings/department-press-briefing-august-14-2024/#post-579199-ISPAL1 (accessed 30.10.2024).
  22. With a $20 Billion Weapons Deal, the United States Aims to Help Israel and Deter Iran. August 23, 2024. The New York Times. Available at: https://www.ny-times.com/live/2024/08/23/world/israel-hamas-gaza-war?smid=nytcore-ios-share&re-ferringSource=articleShare (accessed 30.10.2024).
  23. Biden admin approves up to $20.3 billion in arms sales to Israel, including 50 upgraded F-15s. JNS. August 13, 2024. Available at: https://www.jns.org/biden-admin-approves-up-to-20-3-billion-in-arms-sales-to-israel-including-50-upgraded-f-15s/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  24. Opall-Rome, B. US-Israel teams ramp up interceptor builds. Defense News. Available at: https://www.defensenews.com/smr/2017/08/03/us-israel-teams-ramp-up-intercep-tor-builds/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  25. Baldor, L.C. Sending THAAD to Israel adds to strain on US Army, leaders say. Air Warfare. Available at: https://www.defensenews.com/air/2024/10/15/sending-thaad-air-defense-system-to-israel-adds-to-strain-on-us-army/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  26. THAAD. Combat-Proven Integrated Air and Missile Defense. Lockheed Martin. Available at: https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/thaad.html (accessed 30.10.2024).
  27. Iranian strikes on Israel: what happened and why did Iran attack? The Guardian. October 02, 2024. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/oct/02/iranian-strikes-on-israel-what-happened-why-did-iran-attack-missiles-damage-what-next (accessed 30.10.2024).
  28. Satellite imagery appears to show damage at air base after Iranian missile strike. The Times of Israel. October 03, 2024. Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/satellite-imagery-appears-to-show-damage-at-air-base-after-iranian-missile-strike/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  29. Fabian, E. Israel says US shipments of arms and equipment during war exceed 50,000 tons. The Times of Israel. August 26, 2024. Available at: https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-us-shipments-of-arms-and-equipment-during-war-exceeds-50000-tons/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  30. Companies Profiting from the Gaza Genocide. American Friends Service Committee. May 28, 2024. Available at: https://afsc.org/gaza-genocide-companies (accessed 30.10.2024).
  31. Capaccio, A. October 10). Boeing Sped 1,000 Smart Bombs to Israel after Hamas Attacks. Bloomberg. October 10, 2023. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-10/boeing-sped-1-000-smart-bombs-to-israel-after-the-hamas-attacks; (accessed 30.10.2024).
  32. The White House. FACT SHEET: The President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2025. March 11 2024. Available at: https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/briefing-room/2024/03/11/fact-sheet-the-presidents-budget-for-fiscal-year-2025/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  33. Stone, M. Ukraine, Israel bill to bolster Lockheed, RTX profits. Reuters. April 25, 2024. Available at: https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/ukraine-israel-bill-bolster-lockheed-rtx-profits-2024-04-25/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  34. Kessler, G. Eighty percent of Ukraine-Israel bill will be spent in U.S. or by U.S. military. The Washington Post. April 25, 2024. Available at: https://www.washing-tonpost.com/politics/2024/04/25/eighty-percent-ukraine-israel-bill-will-be-spent-us-or-by-us-military/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  35. Remarks by Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III at a Joint Press Conference in Israel (As Prepared). October 13, 2023. Available at: https://www.defense.gov/News/Speeches/Speech/Article/3556833/remarks-by-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-at-a-joint-press-conference/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  36. Masters, J., Merrow, W. U.S. Troops in the Middle East: Mapping the Military Presence. Council of Foreign Relations. October 01, 2024. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/arti-cle/us-troops-middle-east-mapping-military-presence (accessed 30.10.2024).
  37. Masters, J. Sea Power: The U.S. Navy and Foreign Policy. Council of Foreign Relations. June 12, 2024. Available at: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/sea-power-us-navy-and-foreign-policy (accessed 30.10.2024).
  38. Robertson, N. What will the surge of US forces to the Middle East cost the military? Defense News. Available at: https://www.defensenews.com/pentagon/2024/09/25/what-will-the-surge-of-us-forces-to-the-middle-east-cost-the-military/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  39. Kamali, P. Red Sea Attacks Disrupt Global Trade. The International Monetary Fund. March 07, 2024. Available at: https://www.imf.org/en/Blogs/Articles/2024/03/07/Red-Sea-Attacks-Disrupt-Global-Trade (accessed 30.10.2024).
  40. Lehrfeld, J., Ziezulewicz, G. All the Houthi-US Navy incidents in the Middle East. Military Times. February 12, 2024. Available at: https://www.mili-tarytimes.com/news/your-military/2024/02/12/all-the-houthi-us-navy-incidents-in-the-middle-east-that-we-know-of/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  41. Statement from Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III on Ensuring Freedom of Navigation in the Red Sea. US Department of Defense. December 18, 2023. Available at: https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/3621110/statement-from-secretary-of-defense-lloyd-j-austin-iii-on-ensuring-freedom-of-n/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  42. Adopting Resolution 2722 (2024) by Recorded Vote, Security Council Demands Houthis Immediately Stop Attacks on Merchant, Commercial Vessels in Red Sea. SC/15561. January 10, 2024. Available at: https://press.un.org/en/2024/sc15561.doc.htm (accessed 30.10.2024).
  43. Freebairn, T. Operation Prosperity Guardian Faces Early Hurdles. Defense & Security Monitor. January 02, 2024. Available at: https://dsm.forecastinternational.com/2024/01/02/op-eration-prosperity-guardian-faces-early-hurdles/ (accessed 30.10.2024).
  44. Hendrix, H. At What Cost a Carrier? Center for a New American Security (CNAS). March, 2013. Available at: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA575866.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).
  45. The Israel Security Supplemental Appropriations Act, 2024. House Passes Series of Security Supplemental Bills. April 22, 2024. Available at: https://www.con-gress.gov/118/bills/hr8034/BILLS-118hr8034ih.pdf (accessed 30.10.2024).

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML

Copyright (c) 2025 Russian Academy of Sciences

Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».