Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells and their role in the immune response to infection and vaccination

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Abstract

A variety of body tissues contain tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells — long-lived multifunctional effector cells formed during the immune response to infection, which populate previously infected tissue long term. The localization of these cells is determined due to expression of a set of adhesive molecules that hold the cell in a specific tissue microenvironment, as well as the lack of molecules involved in exiting into the blood and lymphatic vessels. The program for establishing such cell phenotype can apparently be launched at various stages of T cell maturation during the immune response. Resident memory CD8+ T cells protect tissues from viruses and other intracellular parasites, kill transformed cells, and in some cases participate in the pathogenesis of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. The accumulation of resident memory T cells can be induced by vaccination, and targeting these cells by vaccines, along with triggering a protective humoral response, appears desirable for the prevention of many intracellular infections. At the site of pathogen entry, resident memory CD8+ T cells can provide tissue protection quicker than circulating T cells, which is essential for preventing rapidly evolving viral infections. Localization of memory CD8+ T cells in tissues allows the pool of these cells to be increased without obvious restrictions. Accordingly, it is possible to carry out a large number of different vaccinations to stimulate these cells without losing the vaccines effectiveness. Finally, not all pathogens antigenic epitopes recognized by CD8+ T cells undergo rapid and systematic changes such as the surface B-cell epitopes of the same pathogens. Additional recruitment of resident memory CD8+ T cells in response to a vaccine may ensure greater coverage of pathogen variants and contribute to developing heterosubtypic immunity. The review presents data on resident memory CD8+ T cells in various tissues, their participation in the immune response to infections and vaccinations, as well as molecules that control their localization.

About the authors

Vladimir Y. Talayev

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

Author for correspondence.
Email: talaev@inbox.ru

DSc (Medicine), Professor, Head of the Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod

Olga N. Babaykina

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

Email: olga_babaykina@inbox.ru

PhD (Medicine), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod

Maria V. Svetlova

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

Email: marya.talaeva@yandex.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod

Irina Y. Zaichenko

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

Email: imm.irina@mail.ru

PhD (Biology), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod

Elena V. Kurkova

Academician I.N. Blokhina Nizhny Novgorod Scientific Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing

Email: el2v@mail.ru

PhD (Biology), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cellular Immunology

Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

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2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».