Nº 1 (2025)
SOCIOLOGY
Social success in personal success models of modern student youth
Resumo
Background. Success in life of each person is different. It can be based on model of social success, broadcast in society or, in case of mismatch of value bases, it can be built on its own basis, based on personal preferences, attitudes and values. In any case, we can say that each individual chooses and implements his or her own model of success. The main objective of the study is to analyze dominant models of personal success among stu-dent youth and their relationship with models of social success. Materials and methods. The study of youth success is based on analysis of theoretical approaches to concept and models of success, data of polls VTsIOM, FOM, regional studies, as well as results of the authorʼs research among university students in Penza and Saratov (2024). Results. The main models of success presented in works of domestic researchers are analyzed, dominant models of life success in environment of student youth, self-assessments of students’ success and means of their achievement are presented. Conclusions. According to the research results, it was found that modern students are more inclined to mix of American and compromise models of success. The main components of life success for young people are family and material well-being; ideals of successful people for them are people from their environ-ment. The main means of achieving success are goal setting and planning and education, and students are willing to take risks to realize their goals.
5-14
State support measures to improve the demographic situation: views of student youth
Resumo
Background. The negative demographic situation in Russia caused by the low birth rate gives rise to serious personnel problems. Measures aimed at stimulating the birth rate taken by the state do not bring the desired result. The purpose of the study is to identify the attitudes of student youth regarding the desire to have children, their number, opinions on the effectiveness of state measures to support families with children. Materials and methods. The study of the demographic situation in Russia and Penza region, as well as the attitude of young people to the unfavorable demographic situation and ways to overcome it, is based on a secondary analysis of data from all-Russian studies and the results of the au-thorʼs study conducted among student youth of Penza in 2024. Results. An analysis of the demographic situation in Russia and the Penza region was carried out. Based on the au-thorʼs study, the main factors influencing the planning of the number of children in the future; the level of satisfaction with the measures taken by the state to support families with children. Conclusions. Based on the fact that the overwhelming majority of young people participating in the survey plan to have only one or two children in the future, and also taking into account the long-term demographic forecast of Rosstat, there will be no fundamental change in the current demographic situation in the near future.
15-23
A social image of modern student youth: value aspects (by the materials of sociological research results)
Resumo
Background. Modern student youth is one of the most important social and de-mographic resources of society, playing a key role in shaping the future development of Russiaʼs economic, cultural, and political spheres. In the context of rapid digitalization, ongoing global processes and challenges, social transformations, and changes in the labor market, studying the values, life priorities, and behavior of young people becomes particu-larly significant. Students, as the most active and mobile part of youth, serve as an indicator of social change, making their study an important area of sociological research. Analyzing their views, values, and life priorities helps identify current trends and predict the future development of society as a whole. The purpose of this study is to examine modern student youth based on sociological survey data and to identify changes in their value orientations, life attitudes, and social activity. Materials and methods. The study of the social portrait of contemporary student youth is based on the analysis of data obtained from two original sociological surveys conducted at different periods (in 2014 and 2024). The research pre-sents data from questionnaire surveys of student youth, which made it possible to identify their value orientations, life priorities, attitudes toward education, career, family, and social processes. To achieve the research goal, a systematic and comparative analysis was applied. Results. The study of the social portrait of contemporary student youth, based on sociologi-cal survey materials, revealed key characteristics, trends, and changes in the value orienta-tions and life priorities of this social group. The results indicate that modern student youth demonstrates a complex and multifaceted value structure. While maintaining a focus on material well-being and career success, they are gradually showing an increased interest in spirituality, creativity, and social responsibility. These changes reflect the students’ adapta-tion to new challenges and opportunities offered by contemporary society. Conclusions. The article demonstrates that modern student youth exhibit a complex combination of tradi-tional and contemporary values. Despite the continued importance of family, there is a growing emphasis on career, professional development, and financial well-being. Modern students display processes of adaptation to a changing world, a blend of pragmatism andspiritual aspirations, as well as an increasing role of individualism combined with social responsibility. These characteristics define both opportunities and challenges in shaping state youth policy aimed at supporting students as a key resource for the future of society.
24-41
Comfort of the urban environment of Penza as assessed by student youth
Resumo
Background. Modern urban agglomerations are becoming centers of education, production, trade, provision of services, leisure, etc. Depending on the quality and comfort of the urban infrastructure, the attitude towards this settlement is formed both by local resi-dents and tourists. Young people are active users of the infrastructure facilities of the urban environment. If the city does not allow young people to fully realize themselves, they leave it. The purpose of this work is to study the parameters of the comfort of the urban environment of Penza for modern student youth. Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, the results of the authorʼs study conducted among student youth in 2024 were used. In addition, data from all-Russian surveys presented by VTSIOM were used. Results. The study revealed the understanding of the “comfortability of the urban environment” among young people, identified the difficulties that young people face in their city, and characterized the leisure of young people. Conclusions. The study revealed ambiguous assessments of the comfort of the urban environment of Penza from student youth. Young people highlighted both the positive aspects of living in their city and focused on the problems. The results of the study showed that despite positive assessments of the urban environment around them, they are ready to move to larger cities that provide more opportunities for self-realization and successful employment.
42-54
Motivation of young employees of organizations in the new labor market conditions
Resumo
Background. The relevance of addressing the issues of motivation of young em-ployees of organizations in modern labor market conditions is closely related to the need to attract and retain staff, increase employee loyalty to the organization and, in general, in-crease labor productivity. To a greater extent, this applies to young employees (20–35 years old) due to the peculiarities of their social attitudes and ideas about employers, about work, and about working conditions. The purpose of the work is to highlight the features of moti-vation of young employees of organizations in the new labor market conditions. Materials and methods. The conclusions and provisions are based on a systematic analysis. The theo-retical basis is based on classical and modern theories of motivation. The authorʼs provi-sions are based on the results of All-Russian sociological research on motivation and its characteristics among representatives of different generations in changing labor market conditions. Results. Based on the theoretical analysis, the key provisions of classical and modern theories of motivation are identified. New labor market conditions are character-ized, forming the social ideas of young employees about professional activity and its condi-tions, about the ideal employer, personal and professional development. It describes not only the positive aspects of financial incentives, but also its negative consequences. It is argued that successful motivation management of young employees requires a balance be-tween tangible and intangible factors. The analysis made it possible to identify the features of motivation of young employees of organizations in the new labor market conditions. Conclusions. The main labor market conditions at the present stage include: a slowdown in salary growth, staff shortages, the “jump” of young personnel from organization to organi-zation, and the search for effective ways to motivate staff. The main features of motivation for professional activity of young employees are: polymotivation, individual-situational hierarchy of motives and their compensatory relationships. Young employees have the most pronounced requests for the psychological safety of the work culture, support and mentor-ing, and orientation towards a balance of work and personal spheres of life.
55-70
LAW
On the constitutional prohibition of inciting hatred and hostility
Resumo
Background. The article examines the constitutional and legal nature of the ban on inciting hatred and hostility on discriminatory grounds. The authors conduct a comparative analysis of constitutional legal norms and norms of criminal, administrative and anti-extremist legislation in terms of the legal regulation of this ban. Materials and methods. To achieve their goals, the authors used formal legal and comparative legal methods. Results. The ambiguity of the scientific understanding of the categories “inciting hatred”, “inciting enmity”, “inciting discord” is revealed. At the same time, law enforcement practice does not pay such close attention to separating these categories. At the same time, a purely practical issue in qualifying an action as extremist is not the distinction between “hatred” and “hostility”, but the distinction between “hostility” and “threat of violence”. Conclusions. The norms of special legislation and the practice of its application should not go beyond the constitutional and legal prohibitions of freedom of thought and speech, and establish other criteria for extremist offenses.
71-83
Russian pre-revolutionary scientists on the Constitutional monarchical form of Government in Russia
Resumo
Background. Relevance of the chosen topic is conditioned mainly due to the in-creased interest of society and scientists to Russian history in general and to the history of Russian law in particular. This creates a real opportunity to identify effective solutions, institutions of the past, proven by time and practice, for their application and use in modern reality with appropriate correction. The purpose of the study is to characterize the form of government created during the first bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1905–1907 in our country, there are controversial issues on this issue, to present our point of view. In this regard, a wide range of issues that were at the center of attention of the scientific world at that time and remain relevant today are analyzed. This is the concept of a form of govern-ment; monarchy (limited, dualistic); the essence of constitutional monarchy; the Russian form of constitutional monarchy; the main features of the constitutional monarchy in Russia are the existence of the all-Russian constitution (the Main State Laws of 1906) and the crea-tion and functioning of the peopleʼs representative office – Parliament, the State Duma. Two main conclusions on the topic are presented, which were and are important both in theoretical and practical terms and are particularly controversial. Firstly, in Russia, during the reforms of 1905–1907, a constitutional monarchy was established. It was backward and had significant drawbacks, deviations from the classical model. However, conditions have been created to eliminate them. But that didnʼt happen. On the contrary, decisions were made that indicated a return to absolutism. Secondly, the Main state Laws of 1906 are the first all-Russian constitution. Three main scientific methods were used in the preparation of the article: dogmatic, historical, and comparative.
84-99
The significance of the Second Hague Peace Conference in terms of the codification of laws and customs of warfare
Resumo
Background. Domestic diplomacy and international legal science played a lead-ing role in the formation of international humanitarian law. Russia initiated major projects in the field of international law before the world wars: two Hague Peace Conferences were held in 1899 and 1907. However, such a significant page of Russian history in the devel-opment of international law received insufficient attention from domestic and foreign re-searchers, the latter actively study the role of the United States, Great Britain, France and other countries in the development of international humanitarian law. In this regard, the study of the content and results of the Second Peace Conference and its historical signifi-cance seems relevant and scientifically significant. The work aims to determine the main directions and achievements of the Hague Peace Conference of 1907 in terms of developing rules for waging armed conflicts, determining the importance of the adopted documents and the results of the conference for the development of international law. Materials and meth-ods. The objectives are achieved by analyzing the official materials of the Hague Peace Conference of 1907, official acts of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire, assessments of the conference's achievements given by its participants, international treaties (the Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1907), and scientific literature. Results. The work analyzes the content of the work of the Second Hague Peace Conference on the codi-fication of the laws and customs of warfare, the role of the Russian delegation in achieving the goals, and the significance of its work for the dynamic development of international humanitarian law. Conclusions. The study of the prerequisites for holding the conference, the content of the work, and historical significance of the Hague Forum allows us to con-clude that Russian diplomacy and the Russian state played a special role in terms of codi-fying the laws and customs of warfare and dynamic development of international humani-tarian law.
100-109
The light and shadows of Ukrainophilia: the state policy of ukrainization and indigenization in the USSR in the 1920s
Resumo
Background. The article is devoted to the strengthening of Ukrainian nationalism in the first years of the USSR in connection with the state policy of Ukrainization and in-digenization, which allows us to understand the origins of the modern version of the con-cept of Ukrainophile exclusivity. The author sets the task of analyzing the objective picture of the mixing of ethnic groups in Ukraine and the subjective efforts of the Ukrainian eth-nocracy to transition to ethnic dominance. The motives of the federal center for sanctioning the implementation of the policy of Ukrainization and indigenization are revealed. Materials and methods. A whole series of publications on the ethnolinguistic situation in Ukraine in the second half of the 19th century – 1920s, statistical and party sources (stenographic reports of the 12th Congress of the RCP(b) and the 4th meeting of the Central Committee of the RCP(b) are used. The author uses methods of analysis and synthesis, comparison, and publishes important tabular material. Results. The absence of Ukraine as a single territorial-administrative massif spurred the Ukrainophile intelligentsia, in the conditions of revolu-tionary destabilization of 1917, to ideological and territorial expansion in the person of the Kyiv Central Rada. However, during the Civil War, supporters of the petty-bourgeois na-tionalist idea did not receive priority support – Ukraine nevertheless became Soviet. Never-theless, the Bolsheviks, fearing Ukrainophilia, made unjustified concessions to the latter. They were expressed in the forced integration of Novorossiya into Ukraine, and later in the policy of linguistic Ukrainization of languages. But very soon the formal equality of lan-guages was transformed into the provision of personnel and material preferences to the bearers of the idea of Ukrainianism. It was defended in the party and bureaucratic elite by H.G. Rakovsky, N.A. Skrypnik, G.F. Grinʼko, A.Ya. Shumsky, V.P. Zatonsky, V.Ya. Chu-bar. Initially, the course towards Ukrainianization was actually sabotaged at the bottom, but with the arrival of the tough Stalinist appointee L.M. Kaganovich, a turning point occurred. At the same time, the nationalistic outrages in which individual representatives of the crea-tive intelligentsia, such as M. Khvylovy, were noticed, prompted the central government to become wary and the campaign gradually began to wind down. Conclusions. The policy of Ukrainization should be considered as part of the course of indigenization, which provided for worldwide assistance in the socio-cultural development of indigenous ethnic groups. In the context of Ukraine, the passion for this policy, along with its positive cultural component, was fraught with many dangers due to the size and strategic importance of the republic, its ethnic heterogeneity (primarily the presence of Russian-speaking Novorossi-ya), and the aggressiveness of Ukrainian chauvinism, which dreamed of subjugating Rus-sian-speaking cities. Finally, the situation was complicated by the protracted flirtation with the nationalists on the part of the center, which was largely abandoned only in the early 1930s.
110-123
Comparative law in a multipolar world
Resumo
Background. Comparative law has served as a reliable reference point for disclosing legal reality in the last two centuries. However, the entry of our Planet into the stages of postmodernization and globalization forces us to take a fresh look at the subject field of this most important discipline, and the advancement of humanity towards a multipolar world encourages the creation of new forms of scientific international cooperation. Materials and methods. The article attempts to show the vector of internationalization of comparative research based on a wide array of Russian and foreign works. Comparative-diachronic and comparative-synchronous analysis are used to demonstrate the successes and features of the development of Comparative Law in different countries and in different historical eras. The presentation of the material is accompanied by the publication of original schemes. Results. The authors note that the formation of Comparative Law falls on the first third of the 19th century, naturally coinciding with the start of modernization in the most advanced countries of the world. It is also no coincidence that Germany became a pioneer in the dissemination of the new science as a country that objectively most needed to study foreign legal experience at that time. It is stated that from the second half of the 19th century the infrastructure of the new discipline appeared in the form of scientific societies and numerous journals, and from the beginning of the 20th century efforts were made to purposefully internationalize scientific research: international congresses were held in Paris (1900), St. Louis (1904), the International Academy of Comparative Law (IACL) was organized in 1924. The second half of the 20th century witnessed the first international projects and regular international events. Conclusions. The era of postmodernization and globalization could not but stimulate the expansion of the subject field of Comparative Law and the addition of its tools through comparative state and comparative political science analysis. After all, the study of foreign legislative experience should be accompanied by research into the possibilities and feasibility of its application in the context of specific state and political systems. The formation of a multipolar world also requires a more realistic approach to legal geography, within which the division into Western and non-Western law is clearly visible, and Russia should be considered as a completely independent entity that does not belong to the Romano-Germanic legal family. Finally, for the optimal study of this same multipolar world, it is necessary to create regional-continental research structures - for example, the Eurasian Association of Comparative Law.
124-135
Mutual determinacy of manifestations of legal anomie in various components of the legal system
Resumo
Background. A pressing task for modern Russian jurisprudence is to identify the relationships that exist between the shortcomings of legislation, deformations of legal con-sciousness and law enforcement. The article examines the peculiarities of legal anomie manifestation in various components of the legal system, postulates a close relationship between the legal system and the legal culture of society, their mutual influence and the cyclical nature of development. The purpose of the study is to analyze the problems of strengthening legal anomie as a result of the interaction of the components of the legal sys-tem already affected by the corresponding state. Materials and methods. The study is based on the use of such methods as dialectical, formal-legal, structural-legal; functional, etc. Re-sults. The study allowed us to come to the conclusion that the state of legal anomie does not develop separately in one or another component of the legal system, but covers it as a whole. Conclusions. The consolidation of relevant values in legislation, as well as the effec-tive activities of public authorities are considered as factors capable of restraining the de-velopment of the state of legal anomie. The study of the features of the manifestation of legal anomie in various components of the legal system enriches the theory of state and law and sectoral legal sciences, is a necessary condition for improving the domestic legal cul-ture, and is one of the conditions for increasing the efficiency of the functioning of the state apparatus of the Russian Federation.
136-152
Reforming the legal basis of scientific activities in Russia in the context of new strategic objectives
Resumo
Background. The relevance of the article is due to the presence of significant shortcomings in the current Federal Law of August 23, 1996 № 127-FZ “On Science and State Scientific and Technical Policy”. At the present stage, it does not meet the needs of legal regulation of scientific activity. The purpose of the article is to develop proposals for amending the legislation on science. Materials and methods. The provisions of regulatory legal acts governing scientific activity and the status of scientists, as well as scientific works on the issues under study were studied. The dialectical method of cognition served as the methodological basis. Logical and formal-legal methods were also used. Results. The current Law № 127-FZ, adopted during the transitional period of development of the Russian state, does not fully meet modern realities and the needs of breakthrough development of science and technology in the face of growing challenges. Conclusions. There is a need to draft a new law on scientific activity that would incorporate the most effective experience in regulating relevant legal relations, eliminate existing gaps and give the institution under study a systematic look.
153-163
The role of the victim in the mechanism of crimes committed in a state of passion
Resumo
Background. The current version of the criminal law provides for liability for crimes committed in a state of passion in Articles 107 and 113 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Despite the small proportion of these acts in the structure of all crime, they are distinguished by increased public danger, since they encroach on the main values enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation – the life and health of the individu-al. As a result, the study of the mechanism of affected criminal behavior, as well as the in-fluence of the negative behavior of the victim on the formation and development of its stag-es, seems relevant and practically significant. The purpose of the work is to assess the role of the victim in the mechanism of crimes committed in a state of passion. Materials and methods. The article used scientific works on the issues under study, materials of judicial practice and official statistics data. The methodological basis was the general dialectical method of cognition. In addition, the following methods were implemented: system-structural, analysis and synthesis, deduction and induction, statistical analysis, generaliza-tion of judicial practice and expert assessments. Results. The study found that the victim plays a significant role in the mechanism of affected criminal behavior and has a serious impact on the ontogenesis of all its stages. Conclusion. A conclusion is made about the need to conduct an analysis of the characteristics of the victim by the subjects of preventive activities in order to develop the most effective measures for the prevention of crimes committed in a state of passion.
164-174
System-activity method in crime investigation
Resumo
Background. The detection and disclosure of all crimes committed is the goal that law enforcement agencies are tasked with. Criminal prosecution must be unavoidable for all persons who have committed a crime. In order to implement this, an appropriate methodological framework is needed, the elements of which are the methods used by law enforcement agencies, including investigators. One of such methods that can increase the effectiveness of detection, disclosure and investigation of crimes is the system activity method. In this regard, the purpose of the research conducted and based on the article was to determine the system-activity method and the patterns of its use during the ongoing in-vestigation of crimes. Materials and methods. The methods of analysis and synthesis, in-duction and deduction were used in the research based on the proposed article. The theory of activity developed in psychology was also of methodological importance. Results. When investigating crimes committed by organized groups, traditional methods of identifying incriminating data (information) are not effective enough, since they focus only on estab-lishing the circumstances related to the crime committed and do not take into account the circumstances of the behavior of the alleged perpetrator outside of the crime committed by him. Conclusions. To increase the effectiveness of the ongoing investigation and expose the person responsible for it, it is advisable to use a systematic activity method, which allows, based on knowledge of the personality characteristics of a particular person, to determine the likelihood of her involvement in the crime.
175-186
Forced labor: unused reserves
Resumo
Background. Forced labor is one of the most discussed and at the same time controversial of the punishments used in Russia. If in the first years after the beginning of the application of this punishment, the main issue discussed was the problem of increasing the network of correctional centers and the number of convicts, then as forced labor acquired more and more experience in its application, the focus of attention consistently shifted to-ward improving the regulation of the legal status of convicts. Recently, in connection with the gradual exhaustion of extensive possibilities for filling correctional centers with con-victs, researchers have increasingly become attracted to the search for other opportunities to increase the potential for using the labor of convicts serving forced labor. Following the decisions of the Government of the Russian Federation on expanding employment opportunities for disabled people, this issue is also becoming relevant for the Russian penal system. The goal of the work is to find new opportunities to fill correctional centers with potential workers. Materials and methods. Scientific works on the problem under study, materials from legislative practice, as well as the results of the author’s research were used. The methodological basis was the general dialectical method of cognition. Results. During the study, a proposal was put forward regarding the possibility of sending convicts who are disabled persons of the second group to correctional centers. Conclusions. The authors, relying on an analysis of widely used statistical data on the economic situation both in the country as a whole and in the employment of convicts in particular, propose amendments to Article 53.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in particular, the removal from Part 7 of this article of the restriction on the assignment of forced labor to disabled persons of group 2.
187-198
The issue of distinguishing between the ongoing illegal sale of narcotic drugs and a set of crimes
Resumo
Background. The relevance of the problem under study lies in the fact that the distinction between the ongoing illegal sale of narcotic drugs and a set of crimes is an es-sential aspect in the objective qualification of the actions of the guilty party under Article 228.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter referred to as the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). At the same time, the legal position of law en-forcement and judicial bodies is subject to certain changes caused by the transformation of the very mechanism of committing the illegal sale of narcotic drugs and, as a consequence, the methods of its detection and suppression. Errors in qualification can lead to the imposi-tion of an unfair punishment, so it is important to ensure a comprehensive and objective investigation of all the circumstances of the crime committed, including establishing the role of each accomplice, the objective side of the crime performed by him and the direction of the criminal intent. Materials and methods. The methodological basis includes compara-tive legal and sociological research methods. Judicial practice on illegal drug sales is very voluminous and diverse, in this regard, decisions of the courts of first, appellate and cassa-tion instances were used as examples, not only in recent years, but also a comparative legal analysis of judicial practice over the past two to three decades is given. Results. In the course of the study, the issue of distinguishing between the ongoing illegal sale of drugs and a set of crimes was comprehensively considered. Conclusions. The study shows that at present, the key criterion for distinguishing between the ongoing sale of drugs and a set of crimes is the establishment of the unity of criminal intent, covering all episodes of illegal sale. When it is revealed that a guilty person has set up hiding places for drugs, the position of judicial and law enforcement agencies comes down to the need to qualify each episode of illegal sale of drugs as an independent crime in the event that the guilty person each time develops a new criminal intent to illegally sell drugs to an unidentified purchaser.
199-208
The issue of special legal procedure
Resumo
Background. The term “special”, which is characterized by novelty and is in-creasingly found in the texts of normative legal and by-laws, arouses increased interest among researchers and the need for interpretation. The special legal order as a legal phe-nomenon is a fairly new institution for the general theory of law, which determines the rel-evance of the issue raised. The purpose of the work is to analyze the concept of a special legal order by studying the etymology of categories similar to it. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks was achieved on the basis of a semantic analysis of the concepts of special, special, exceptional, priority order. The methodological potentialincludes dialectical, formal legal and comparative methods of cognition. Results. The ety-mology of concepts similar to the category of “special” is investigated, the norms of current legislation are analyzed, similarities and differences are revealed, allowing to understand the essential nature of this legal phenomenon. Conclusions. The analysis made it possible to conclude that a special legal order is an independent legal category, the replacement of which by other concepts similar in meaning is unacceptable.
209-217