Vol 19, No 8 (2024)
Architecture and urban planning. Reconstruction and refurbishment
Urban planning design as an intellectual basis of the territorial development management system
Abstract
Introduction. The management of urban planning in Russia has been significantly transformed over the 20 years of the Urban Planning Code. On the one hand, vast experience has been accumulated, territorial planning and urban zoning have covered the entire country, on the other hand, an increasing number of documents give rise to new conflicts, decisions are often not synchronized and even contradictory. It is possible to improve the quality of management decisions by building goal-setting, formalizing the tasks of managing the development of territories and systemic transformation in the ways of making management decisions based on the results of urban planning design. The purpose of the paper is to substantiate and formulate arguments in favour of integrated urban planning as an intellectual basis for effective management of spatial changes in urbanized territories.Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of a comparative analysis of complex urban development projects developed under the guidance of the author of the paper in cities of various regions of Russia and the impact of their decisions on the quality of management and the effectiveness of territorial development.Results. The transformations of types of town-planning documentation were substantiated, their composition and content were determined in order to optimize management processes and improve the quality of decisions that ensure the achievement of the goal of integrated socio-economic and spatial development of territories due to the completeness, relevance and legal significance of data on the objects of town-planning planning and town-planning regulation — the results of town-planning design. Urban planning is an intellectual basis for making scientifically sound decisions on the spatial development of urbanized territories.Conclusions. The field of urban planning is expanding significantly. To ensure systematic and effective management of the development of territories, five types of urban planning documentation are proposed, the results of which together will constitute the intellectual basis of the spatial development management system in the format of a digital information model for managing the development of territories: strategic plan; comprehensive infrastructure and investment plan; master plan for land use and development; master plan (strategic, sectoral or local); the project of planning and surveying the territory.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1248-1259
1248-1259
Engineering and technical design of main streets with integration of green infrastructure elements
Abstract
Introduction. Climatic characteristics are of key importance in modern urban planning practice. The increase in precipitation ‘challenges’ outdated normative documents. In order to increase the adaptive capacity of cities to climate warming in the 80s of the XX century, Western specialists proposed the use of green infrastructure (GIF). In the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation, the concept that would include the application of science and mathematics to resolve the problem of flooding urban spaces does not yet exist. The authors offer their own vision of solving this problem.Materials and methods. The author’s definition of “engineering and technical design” is given, the difference between the existing types of action in the urban environment is indicated, and the main stages of implementation are highlighted. The authors found that urban areas in Moscow that are often flooded by stormwater are main streets of the 2nd class of regulated traffic in the western administrative district. An urban planning analysis of the study area was carried out taking into account climatic characteristics, and the role of “green infrastructure” and bioengineering structures was also identified.Results. The author’s calculation of the average flow rate of stormwater in a bioengineered structure is necessary to select the size of the elements of the green infrastructure that are planned to be placed on the territory. The flow rate of stormwater over an impenetrable surface is almost three times higher than with soil and vegetation resistance, depending on the slope of the territory.Conclusions. The variant of the implementation of engineering and technical design on the main street of Moscow — Michurinsky Prospekt, which includes the design idea of space using the structure of man–made biotopes, is offered. Storm water is accumulated and redistributed through bioengineered structures, feeding vegetation.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1260-1273
1260-1273
Construction system design and layout planning. Construction mechanics. Bases and foundations, underground structures
Structural reliability analysis of steel structural covering based on the theory of evidence
Abstract
Introduction. Quantitative assessment of the structural reliability and safety level for structural solutions is an actual scientific and technical problem. The measure of reliability in this case can be the failure probability of a structural element. In practical problems of assessment and analysis of structural reliability, data on random variables can be obtained in the interval form (qualitative uncertainty), while the classic methods of reliability analysis do not allow to estimate reliability in the presence of such data. Lack of statistical data (quantitative uncertainty) is also present in practical tasks of reliability analysis.Materials and methods. The paper considers the use of the theory of evidence as an effective tool for reliability analysis of steel span structures in problems with interval uncertainty of statistical data.Results. The graphical interpretation of the reliability analysis algorithm is given. It allows to obtain clearly and operatively an estimate of the failure probability of the structural element, as well as to reduce the permissible load on the element to the required reliability level. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional models are considered for analyzing the reliability of a steel truss bar according to the buckling criterion.Conclusions. The theory of evidence allows effective modelling of various sources of uncertainties in practical engineering problems. Thus, with limited data, it is possible to get an idea of the quantitative expression of the reliability level by its lower bound, which can be increased by strengthening the element, more detailed probabilistic analysis or limiting the operational load on the structural element. By considering more non-deterministic quantities in the design, the engineer obtains a more cautious decision. When considering the cross-sectional area as a random variable, the reliability of the truss bar on the buckling was 23 % lower (lower reliability bound) than in a similar calculation with a deterministic value.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1274-1284
1274-1284
Estimation of expediency of taking into account the suppleness of outrigger metallic structures nodes in calculation of high-rise building structures
Abstract
Introduction. When designing metal structures, many factors are taken into account, including the suppleness of joints, which affects the results of stress-strain calculations of structural elements. In the design of high-rise buildings, outriggers are provided to distribute wind loads between the core and perimeter columns, reducing horizontal displacements. Considering the suppleness in the joints of the outrigger affects the distribution of forces in the building structure elements, as well as on the building deformations. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of considering the suppleness of outrigger joints on the stress-strain state of structural elements of a steel high-rise building.Materials and methods. The research focuses on a structural model of a 60-story building with an outrigger, modelled using the ETABS software. The suppleness of the joints of the outrigger structures was determined using the IDEA StatiCa software.Results. According to the results of static calculations considering the suppleness of the outrigger joints, when placing one outrigger on the 54th floor, the maximum horizontal displacement at the top of the building increased by 2.9 % compared to calculations without considering suppleness. Placing two outriggers increased it by 4.7 %. The maximum axial force value in the outrigger brace decreased by 23 % compared to calculations without considering suppleness, while the maximum bending moment increased by 10 %.Conclusions. When calculating a high-rise building taking into account suppleness, the values of horizontal displacement at the building’s top increase within 5 %. If it is necessary to limit horizontal displacements, calculations should consider the suppleness of the joints in steel outrigger structures. Additionally, considering suppleness in calculations allows reducing the material intensity of the designed outrigger braces, as the determining force is the axial force, which decreases by about 25 % when calculated considering suppleness.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1285-1300
1285-1300
Construction material engineering
Development of binder based on phosphogypsum hardening by mixed type
Abstract
Introduction. Creation of waste-free technologies for production of low-energy building materials and products involving recycling of secondary raw materials is one of the priority areas of economic development in most countries. In this regard, the urgent task is to develop competitive binders based on phosphogypsum with the addition of hydrated lime by designing rational compositions of phosphogypsum-lime compositions hardening by mixed type.Materials and methods. Waste phosphogypsum from Titanium Investments LLC, Armyansk, was used as a secondary sulfate-containing raw material. Hydrated lime for research was obtained by slaking lump lime produced in shaft furnaces of the lime workshop of Crimean Soda Plant JSC, Krasnoperekopsk. Analysis of the mineralogical composition of phosphogypsum and artificial stone based on it was carried out using synchronous TG-DTA/DSC thermal analysis on an STA 8000 analyzer (Perkin Elmer). The dispersed composition of phosphogypsum and hydrated lime was determined by laser diffraction using a Partica LA-960 laser particle size analyzer (Horiba). The determination of the mechanical characteristics of the prototypes was carried out on the basis of the MCC8 control console (Controls).Results. The results of the development of compositions based on phosphogypsum-lime compositions showed that after forced carbonization of these compositions for 180 minutes in an air-gas environment with a 50 % CO2 concentration, it is possible to obtain a water-resistant stone material (Kr 0.78–0.8) with strength at compression 28–32 MPa, average density 1,750–1,780 kg/m3 and water absorption by mass and volume of 11–15 and 19–26 %, respectively.Conclusions. Probably, additional optimization of the conditions of obtaining samples (pressure, water content of the mixture, introduction of filler), the regime of forced carbonate hardening (hardening time, CO2 concentration) will further improve the studied properties of the resulting stone material. The obtained experimental data suggest that, based on the proposed binder, it is possible to produce a certain range of small-piece wall products, taking into account additional scientific research in this area.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1301-1316
1301-1316
Hydration of cement binders with mineral additives based on clay and carbonate rocks
Abstract
Introduction. The use of mineral additives in cement concrete compositions makes it possible to reduce the consumption of Portland cement, which, with increasing construction rates, reduces the negative impact on the environment during its production. However, the high cost and territorial limitation of the production of the most effective modifiers (microsilica, metakaolin) do not allow to satisfy the growing demand for them. The development of mineral additives from widely used raw materials will help solve the problem of the deficit of the most common additives, as well as to reduce the consumption of Portland cement. The mechanism of hardening of Portland cement with widespread mineral additives was studied in sufficient detail. At the same time, there are practically no works describing the processes of hydration of cement binder modified with mineral additives based on thermally activated clay and carbonate rocks.Materials and methods. The following mineral additives were used: thermally activated clay (Nikitskoye deposit, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia), dolomite (Elniki village, Republic of Mordovia), thermally activated mixture of clay and limestone (Atemar village, Republic of Mordovia). Using the method of X-ray phase analysis, the mechanisms of action of these mineral additives on hydration processes are considered.Results. It was established that the use of these mineral additives makes it possible to increase the degree of hydration of Portland cement and change the phase composition of the cement stone in a targeted manner.Conclusions. The data obtained indicate the prospects and relevance of the direction for the development of concretes with modifying additives based on thermally activated polymineral clays and carbonate rocks, which makes it possible to expand the range of modified cement composites produced today due to more complete use of the local mineral resource base.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1317-1327
1317-1327
Safety of Construction and Urban Economy
The problem of the oil-contaminated geo-environment and ways to solve it
Abstract
Introduction. On the one hand, polluted soils are a source of ecosystem degradation. On the other hand, it is a potential basis for the construction of structures. Construction works are constantly carried out at the sites of oil producing and oil processing enterprises. The construction of new and reconstruction of existing installations is accompanied by the demolition of old facilities up to the extraction of foundations from contaminated.Materials and methods. The assessment of oil-contaminated soils was carried out at existing enterprises of the oil complex during design and survey work to prepare sites for new construction. At the survey stage, the bearing capacity of contaminated soils was investigated using the stamp test method. The individual parameters necessary to assess the construction development of industrial sites without excavating contaminated soils were determined in a soil laboratory using standard methods.Results. The oil-contaminated soils under the sites of the reconstructed enterprises are distinguished by a variety of species composition, geomechanical properties and environmental indicators. Accordingly, the number of ways to eliminate pollution is diverse. The contaminated soils were washed with reagent solutions (flocculant, soda, carbonized water) through a network of drains and wells under pressure. At the same time, the contamination “trapped” in the pores and capillaries of the soil was transferred to a free state, followed by outflow into the drainage, interception of the contaminated liquid and its rise to the surface for subsequent cleaning.Conclusions. Taking into account the importance of the problem, the authors developed and introduced into construction practice a set of technologies that allow for the removal of hydrocarbon-containing pollutants in the territories of reconstructed and liquidated facilities of the oil complex, without extracting soils from recesses.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1328-1342
1328-1342
Hydraulics. Geotechnique. Hydrotechnical construction
Correlation analysis of daily water levels in rivers of the Kaliningrad region based on observation results in 2008–2021
Abstract
Introduction. When justifying design decisions in hydraulic engineering, developing measures for the use and protection of water resources, information on the intra-annual distribution of runoff is of practical and scientific interest. The paper presents the results of a correlation analysis of daily water levels in the rivers of the Kaliningrad region, based on the results of observations in years with different water content from 2008 to 2021.Materials and methods. The statistical analysis of the data set of observations of daily water levels in 12 river stations of the Kaliningrad region for the period from 2008 to 2021 was carried out. The data source was the automated information system of state monitoring of water bodies. The observation results were processed in Mathcad environment.Results. Pair correlation coefficients between daily water levels in the studied river stations of the Kaliningrad region were calculated. The average, maximum and minimum pair correlation coefficients of daily water levels in the considered stations were determined. The dependence of pair correlation coefficients of daily water levels in two stations located in the same river system (The Angrapa River – Berestovo gauging station – The Pregolya River – Gvardeysk gauging station) and for different river systems (The Mamonovka River – Mamonovo gauging station – The Pregolya River – Chernyakhovsk gauging station) was determined.Conclusions. It was found that the closest stochastic relationship of daily water levels is observed near the Neman and Matrosovka Rivers; in dry years, the values of the pair correlation coefficients of daily water levels decrease in the studied stations; The Pregolya river (Gvardeysk gauging station) and the Instruch River (Ulyanovo gauging station) should be recommended as analogues for watercourses of the Kaliningrad region. The obtained results can be used for the development of measures for the use and protection of water resources in the region.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1343-1355
1343-1355
Engineering systems in construction
Oil-water emulsion separation on surface-modified capillary ultrafiltration membranes
Abstract
Introduction. The accumulation of oily wastewater in the environment is becoming an increasing threat to the ecosystem and human health. The modification of ultrafiltration PVDF membrane was investigated in order to create a hydrophilic layer on its surface, to improve performance and increase antifouling properties in the purification of oil-water emulsions.Materials and methods. PVDF hollow-fibre capillary membranes with 0.1 μm diameter pores were used. The membranes were subjected to two-step modification, which included treatment with tannic acid and subsequent oxidation with potassium permanganate in various buffer solutions. Motor oil, kerosene, distilled water and sodium dodecyl sulfate were used to create model water-in-oil emulsions. All oil-water emulsion separation experiments were performed while maintaining a constant filtration pressure of 1 bar on a prepared filter cell, in dead-end mode. The prepared model solutions were made with sodium dodecyl sulfate and contained the pollutant motor oil or kerosene. The filtrate after the membrane was sampled to determine the permeability and separation efficiency of the solutions. Surface modification had a positive effect on the retention efficiency of petroleum products. In the case of motor oil emulsion separation, the efficiency reached 99 %, and the content of oil products in all filtrate samples was below 0.4 mg/l. In the case of separation of kerosene emulsion there was observed a slight decrease in the efficiency of purification up to 95 %, the content of oil products was below 1.15 mg/l.Results. The results obtained showed a significant increase in throughput and separation efficiency. The specific membrane performance increased up to 143 % for motor oil separation and up to 67 % for kerosene separation.Conclusions. The modified membranes showed high petroleum product removal efficiency, up to 99 % for motor oil and up to 98 % for kerosene, also had high flux recovery rate (FRR) up to 91 %. The results obtained may be promising for scaling up.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1356-1364
1356-1364
Technology and organization of construction. Economics and management in construction
A method of increasing labour productivity in construction
Abstract
Introduction. The attempt to solve the problem of labour productivity determination is made, the method of increasing it is considered. The representation of labour productivity in the form of a complex system, formed on the basis of the provisions of system engineering in construction, makes it possible to create a decomposition of its components in the form of factors and parameters influencing them.Materials and methods. Labour productivity as a complex construction system with a large number of subsystems forming it is considered. A mathematical model of labour productivity, formed from factors and parameters influencing them, makes it possible to determine the actual value of labour productivity.Results. The actual value of labour productivity is proposed to be compared with the normal value — the value that ensures the required labour productivity in construction, its individual type or even the production structure. The subsystems under study are taken as the main factors, each of them is taken as factors affecting labour productivity. Others can be added to them, for example, unification of design solutions or some other factors. Each of the listed factors is characterized by the parameters creating it. As well as the factors, the parameters creating them represent an open subsystem, the content of which is the subject of research. The result is the construction of a mathematical model of labour productivity.Conclusions. The solution of the direct problem — determination of the actual value of labour productivity based on the value of factors and the parameters influencing them can be carried out for comparison with the normal value of labour productivity and determination of the actual growth of labour productivity. The solution to the inverse problem is to achieve the target labour duration by assigning to the factors and parameters influencing them the values necessary to solve the task.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1365-1372
1365-1372
Methods of designing work operations in the conditions of digital technologies implementation in the construction industry
Abstract
Introduction. Technical standardization of work processes consists of motion time study and processes by fixation points and subsequent design of optimal work operations and processes. It is required to carry out a number of measurements comparable in terms of the resulting products and the composition of the measurement teams for various construction sites and organizations. It is extremely difficult to organize visits of specialists to production sites due to the disinterest of organizations and inconsistency of actions to form purposefully organized labour processes. The problem is the impossibility of mass recording of processes and updating of standards. In modern realities, creating a standardized state system of production regulation for mass application is possible only with a radical change in the process of collecting and analyzing information. It is proposed to create centres for modelling, analysis and testing of models of work operations and processes for the production sector.Materials and methods. The system approach, general theoretical methods of cognition (analysis, synthesis, analogy, generalization, comparison, transformation and others) were applied.Results. To collect and process data of work operations in construction, it is expedient to use modern technologies based on motion capture and scene transfer systems, as a result of which several measurements are not required, since the resulting model can be edited and supplemented in accordance with the optimal location of people and work equipment, objects of labour. The concept of forming an automated technological line for designing work operations and processes is proposed.Conclusions. The introduction of the proposed set of measures for the creation, maintenance and support of the mass system of production norming in construction will contribute to the formation of a unified state standard of the system of production norming, preservation of work production technologies, acceleration of the process of training in labour techniques, creation of a basis for robotization of production and application of artificial intelligence in the modelling of optimal technological processes.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1373-1389
1373-1389
Reengineering of business processes in the context of application of new organizational schemes of construction management
Abstract
Introduction. The current state of investment and construction activities at the corporate level is determined not only by the complexity of applied engineering solutions of capital construction facilities, but also by changes in a similar trend of external and internal environments of economic entities involved in the construction of a building or structure. Such complication is caused by the permanent increase of scientific and technological progress and the manifestation of economic phenomena corresponding to it, which affect the demands of consumers and regulatory rules of the state. As a result, there is an increase in contradictions between the conditions for the implementation of investment and construction activities and the organization of construction management, which is the reason for the emergence of new options for the implementation of business processes, their addition and integration with production and security processes, i.e. the emergence of new organizational schemes for construction management. One of these schemes can be used to manage construction on the basis of production and engineering centre. As noted in the paper, the main direction of increasing efficiency in this organizational structure is the transformation of management processes, i.e. their reengineering.Materials and methods. The research is based on the postulates of cybernetics, the logistics of regulatory influences, the organization of production systems, and structural and functional analysis. The scientific background of the authors was used, which was reflected in their publications on this problem. Additional sources were scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists in this subject area.Results. The structure and composition of the production and engineering centre are substantiated, the distribution of the main groups of functions is performed, the place of such an organizational structure in the corporate management system of investment and construction activities is determined, and the directions of business process reengineering are established.Conclusions. The formation of new, modern organizational structures is a promising direction of business process reengineering to increase the efficiency of construction, improve the quality of construction products, as well as the interaction of participants of investment and construction activities.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1390-1400
1390-1400
Short Messages. Discussions and Reviews. Information
The practice of testing translucent facades for air and water permeability based on experience in Canada and the USA and the applicability of this experience to the realities of the Russian Federation
Abstract
Introduction. Current article summarizes North American practices of standard test methods for exterior glazing applications, such as curtain walls, windows and compare these methods with practices exists in Russian Federation.Materials and methods. It was assumed analysis of the testing principles for curtain walls and windows in Canada and USA, based on the long-term experience of these works and their tests. This article also contains comparison with the existing testing methods in Russian Federation, based on the recently published GOST 70941–2023 “Translucent facade construction. Methods of determination of water permeability under natural conditions”. There is a description of the recommended equipment for testing in a lab and construction site.Results. The article describes required methods of testing, used equipment, safety rules during test development on construction site.Conclusions. The absence of the uniform construction site testing standard for the curtain wall and windows in the Russian Federation can create a situation very similar to that once arose in Vancouver, Canada in the beginning of 90th last century, when a lot of building facades starts leaking (leaky condo in Vancouver) and do not comply with the main purpose of the exterior skin of building — to separate exterior environment from interior and provide to public favorable conditions for living in the building. Unfortunately newly developed GOST 70941–2023 more looks like the description of the facades washing before occupancy, than provides engineering approaches for testing facades and determine resistance to withstand with applicable environmental loads on buildings (wind and rain). It is time, when it is necessary to develop uniform standard for all contractors, who builds curtain wall and windows and how these building skin structures suppose to prevent air or water leakage to the interior of the buildings.
Vestnik MGSU. 2024;19(8):1401-1412
1401-1412