Vol 26, No 6 (2024)

The theory of loaded equations is very relevant both in theoretical terms and in its numerous practical applications in various fields of modern natural science. This explains a huge number of works devoted to research and application of loaded equations in the last fifty years. The main objective of the study is to present the loaded equations as a method for setting new correct boundary value problems. The proof for the correctness of the problem is based on the d'Alembert's formula obtained for the studied wave equation. The paper considers a loaded hyperbolic equation with two loaded terms. The load traces are related to different characteristic manifolds of a one-dimensional wave operator. Our goal is to study the problem with data on non-intersecting characteristics. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the solution, which is presented in an explicit form. The distinguishing feature of the problem is that it is ill-posed in the absence of loaded terms.

In the context of bionanorobotics research it is important to develop methodological approaches that integrate interdisciplinary knowledge. For this purpose an architectural model of a cognitive infocommunication system (CICS) based on the principles of domain modeling is proposed. The paper analyzes the possibilities of applying category theory and intuitionistic logic for formalized description and prediction of characteristics of biointegrated cyber-physical systems and environments with intelligent control. A method for representing the topological structure of CICS using the concept of a «presheaf» is proposed. To improve the accuracy and efficiency of modeling it is recommended to use modern tools such as homotopy type theory, theorem proving assistants, functional and logical programming languages, and discrete-event simulation models.

Current stage of urban environment development sees the lack of parking spaces. This paper analyses main causes of this problem and suggests possible solutions. In particular, the existing methods to organize parking space are considered, such as the construction of multistorey parking lots, the use of alternative modes of transport (for example, underground or on the roofs of buildings), as well as the introduction of intelligent parking management systems. The architecture, structural scheme of hardware and software implementation and application options of the developed service of robotic parking of the “smart” city for optimizing the use of parking spaces are described. Special attention is paid to the issues of optimizing the use of existing space, developing new approaches to urban infrastructure planning and taking into account the needs of different population categories.

Modelling of optimal hydraulic pipeline for regional and interregional water supply systems is highly relevant because of water scarcity in some parts of Russia. For a multi-extreme optimization problem to which this problem relates a local extremum is not sufficient and an absolute extremum is not possible since it would take a massive amount of computing power to solve. The purpose of the research is to develop a method, algorithms and software system for computer modelling of large branched water pipeline systems with higher-order optimality. The basis of the method is to divide the synthesis problem with flux and potential variables (Kirchhoff's circuit) into two phases; it allows us to significantly reduce the computation time and resource requirements. The first phase determines the network structure while the second one identifies values of hydraulic parameters. The proposed methodology, algorithm and software are designed for computer modelling of branched water pipelines systems of regional and interregional water supply as well as for large-scale irrigation systems.

One of the current challenges in optimizing city traffic flow is the intersection traffic light control. The paper presents a solution to the traffic light control problem using mathematical modeling and computer design, operating in two- and three-phase modes. In our study we base on the well-known Lighthill-Whitham condition. Our interest in intersections with two-lane roads is due to the fact that they make up a significant part of the urban road network. Modern approaches to solving the problem are based on the analysis of the dataset that contains road intersection average data. The advantage of the presented approach, which is based on the Lighthill-Whitham condition, is related to the analytical solution of the optimization problem with consideration of the parameters of traffic flows at signalized intersections during the peak periods.

The article presents a system for collecting and analysing distributed geophysical data from a sensor network of test ranges with multiple landscapes. The paper presents an architecture and features of a software for collecting data from sensors and for their intelligent analysis, taking into account the lack of stable access to the Internet on the territory of the test ranges. The article shows principles of intelligent system analysis of sensor data designed to use various approaches to create artificial intelligence systems. Moreover, the process of data exchanging with programs to model intelligent systems based on multi-agent neurocognitive architectures is described. In addition, the structure of a website and database of a service for collecting and processing data are presented. 

This scientific article examines in detail the issues related to the development of information and algorithmic support for the processes of preliminary processing and analysis of regulatory documents in the field of information security. A systems analysis of the subject area is carried out. From the standpoint of a systems approach and structural analysis, the processes of processing and analysis of regulatory and technical documentation in the field of information security are considered. Groups of constituent subprocesses of working with regulatory documents are identified. A set of information models of detailing the constituent functional subprocesses of processing and analysis of regulatory documentation in the subject area of information security is built. A generalized information model of the processes of processing and analysis of regulatory documents on information security is built for the purpose of their updating in the information database with the subsequent generation of reporting documentation. A functional formalized description of the constituent subprocesses of identification and collection of documents, classification and systematization of documentation, entering documents into the information database, updating information security data and generating reporting documentation for decision makers is provided. Algorithmic support for user work with the automated information system is presented in the form of a block diagram. The proposed approaches represent a dynamic model of information support for the processes of preparation, development, selection and adoption of management decisions.

The article is devoted to the application of multi-agent robotic systems in agriculture. The article considers various examples of the application of multi-agent systems, such as route optimization, mechanical weeding, weed mapping and harvesting. It also considers the issue of the economic feasibility of using robot teams, provides a comparison with existing systems on the market.

Today the issue of human-machine interaction via natural language text, including the use of question answering systems, is relevant. The purpose of the work is to analyze the methods of developing question answering systems. It was achieved by considering the types of questions and types of question answering systems, describing the methods of building question answering systems. Embedding question answering systems into digital platforms will allow improving customer interaction without significantly expanding staff, contributing to more effective solutions to their problems, and improving service. This will simultaneously contribute to the growth of income of supplier organizations and improve the life quality of goods and services consumers.

The work is devoted to solve a scientific problem of developing a conceptual justification for the possibility of autonomous training of intelligent expert systems based on ontoepisociophylogenetic training of neurocognitive agents. The aim of the study is to develop basic principles of creating universal expert systems based on ontoepisociophylogenetic training of federated intelligent neurocognitive agents. The basic principles of ontoepisociophylogenetic training of universal federated expert systems have been developed. It is shown that the functional specialization of intelligent agents within a federation, subject to their cooperation in order to maximize the combined increment of the values ​​of the target functions, allows overcoming efficiency limitations. The use of epigenetic algorithms for fixing ontological knowledge of intelligent agents within a federation in generations of evolutionary optimization is substantiated. The possibility of constructing multi-generational populations in order to increase the overall efficiency of a universal expert federated system is substantiated.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the effect of different methods of primary cultivation on the grain productivity of corn. The article presents the results of a field experiment to identify the feasibility of using different methods of primary cultivation on hybrid corn crops. It was found that the maximum leaf surface area of 44.9 thousand m2 / ha was provided by corn hybrids in the variant with moldboard tillage. In the case of non-moldboard tillage, the leaf surface decreased by 4.7 %. Analysis of this indicator depending on the studied hybrids showed that the highest value (45.5 thousand m2 / ha) was noted when cultivating Mashuk 355 MV. When cultivating hybrids ROSS 299 MV, Krasnodarsky 298 MV, Krasnodarsky 427 SV, a decrease of 6.8; 2.7 and 5.3 %, respectively, was noted. The parameter of net productivity of photosynthesis on average for hybrids was maximum with moldboard tillage – 11.0 g/m2•day, which is 13.4 % more than the variant with no-moldboard tillage. This indicator was maximum for the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV – 11.6 g/m2•day, in plots with other hybrids (ROSS 299 MV, Krasnodarsky 298 MV, Krasnodarsky 427 SV) the decrease varied within 18.4; 9.4 and 22.1 %. Moldboard tillage turned out to be the most rational, where on average for hybrids the grain yield was 7.6 t/ha, the difference with the data of the variant with no-moldboard tillage was noted at the level of 10.1 %. The highest productivity in the considered conditions was provided by the hybrid Mashuk 355 MV – 8.1 t/ha. The excess in comparison with the hybrid ROSS 299 MV was 22.7%, with the data of the hybrid Krasnodar 298 MV – 9.5 %, and in comparison with Krasnodar 427 S – 19.1 %. Thus, on average, over the years of the field experiment, it was established that the corn hybrids formed the greatest efficiency against the background of the use of moldboard tillage. Among the hybrids, Mashuk 355 MV formed the greatest productivity.

Sunflower is the main oilseed crop of the Republic of Adygea. The use of promising hybrids and the choice of appropriate soil cultivation techniques as well as optimization of the plant nutrition system are especially important among the set of agro-technical measures used in its cultivation. In this regard, the introduction of mineral fertilizers along with topdressing at some stage of ontogenesis, allows to activate the growth of not only the root system, but also the aboveground mass of sunflower, and this entails an increase in seed yield. The main objective of the research is establishing the productivity level and seed quality indicators of promising sunflower hybrids in the conditions of the foothill zone of the Republic of Adygea, depending on the elements of their cultivation technology. Experimental studies on establishing the effect of primary soil cultivation methods (moldboard plowing – 25–27 cm and deep loosening – 35–40 cm), doses of nitrogen-phosphorus (N₃₀P₃₀) fertilizers and topdressing (oilseed Biostim, 1.0 l/ha and Ultramag Bor, 0.5 l/ha) on the productivity and quality indicators of sunflower hybrid seeds was carried out according to B.A. Dospekhov’s Methodology of Experimental Work. The repetition of an experiment was threefold, the accounting area was 50 m². The placing of options was systematic. The seeding rate was 60 thousand pcs./ha. Winter wheat served as a predecessor. As a result of the research the most effective way to increase the yield and quality of sunflower seeds has been established, namely, the cultivation of zoned hybrids (Sprint, Gorstar, Irene and Aris), that are maximally adapted to the agroclimatic conditions of the region. Optimal conditions for the successful growth and full development of sunflower hybrids have been determined. It has been established that optimal indicators are achieved against the background of nitrogen-phosphorus fertilizers with topdressing (N₃₀P₃₀+FF) by moldboard plowing, where the maximum yield achieved is an average of 3.0 t/ha for the Sprint hybrid. The difference in the yield depending on soil was marked at the level of 8.3 %. On average, according to the experiment, in the variants of primary soil cultivation, the oil content of seeds was at the level of 48.3 and 44.4 %, respectively.

Successful selection of potato genotypes with a complex of economically valuable traits largely depends on the successful selection of parental pairs during hybridization. The purpose of this study is to establish the frequency of selection of economically valuable genotypes in hybrid combinations, determined by the level of the average yield indicator. During the analyzed period (2010-2022), the full selection process was completed for three groups of hybrid combinations, the seedlings of which were grown in 2010, 2011 and 2016, and the first assessment of hybrids for economically valuable traits in 2011, 2012 and 2017, respectively. The seedlings were grown in pot culture in protected ground and during harvesting, sets of genotypes were formed within each hybrid combination. In the first tuber generation, hybrid selection was carried out based on a visual assessment of a set of characteristics: absence of virus, late blight and scab damage, yield, nest type, stolon length, tuber shape, and eye depth. The selection value of hybrid combinations was assessed by the number of genotypes selected for inclusion in the nurseries of the main and competitive tests and transferred to the State Variety Testing. In the first group of hybrid combinations studied in 2011, the frequency of selection of economically valuable forms varied from 2.0 to 28.5%, and in 2012 – from 1.8 to 21.4%. For these groups of hybrid combinations, a relationship is observed between the selection indicators of economically valuable hybrids and the final results of the selection process. Until its completion, hybrids of those combinations are preserved that were characterized by a high frequency of selection of economically valuable hybrids during the assessment in the first tuber generation. This pattern is especially clear when comparing hybrid combinations obtained using the topcross scheme with one common parent – the tester used as the maternal or paternal form. The frequency of occurrence of economically valuable forms in the first tuber generation is a reliable criterion for determining the breeding value of hybrid combinations. Average yield indicators of combinations do not correlate with the frequency of selection of economically valuable hybrids.

In the Republic of Adygea, on leached drained chernozems, studies were conducted (2021–2023) on the effect of foliar feeding with microfertilizers containing boron and molybdenum on the growth, development and yield of soybeans, as well as on the quality of the resulting products. The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of different doses of foliar feeding on the productivity and quality of soybean seeds. Soil cultivation with a layer turnover of 25–27 cm was used. Soybean plants (Mentor variety) were treated with boron (B) and molybdenum (Mo) in the early flowering phase, at a dosage of B 300; 900 mg / ha, Mo 100; 300 mg / ha. As a result, it was found that foliar treatment in the early flowering phase increased the yield by 9.4–30.7 % compared to the control variant. Foliar feeding had a positive effect on the formation of the best physical indicators of soybean grain quality in the variants with a triple dose of boron and molybdenum. The thousand-seed weight exceeded the control by 7.2 and 6.1 % in the variants with a three-fold increase in the dosage of boron and molybdenum, respectively. The protein content fluctuated depending on the experimental variants from 25.10 to 25.55 %, the oil content in the samples varied within 24.4–24.5 %. Treatment with the highest doses of  B and Mo contributed to an increase in net income: 54.0 and 51.3 thousand rubles per hectare, respectively. The level of profitability of production in the experimental variants was 86.0 – 125.8 %. Over three years of research, recommendations were developed for the use of various doses of microfertilizers, for soil cultivation with layer turnover, which ensured an increase in soybean yield by 10 – 31 % and the quality of the resulting products by 5–10 %. 

We consider the problem of modeling local markets with limited demand, for which the existence and characteristics of a stable market equilibrium depends on the institutional structure of the market and strategic decisions of producers. Such type of markets can be observed in agricultural regions of many countries, including Russia (in particular, they are common in the republics of the North Caucasus). The main factors of inefficiency in such systems are restrictively high transaction costs of moving into the regional market, budget constraints and imperfect information. This leads to the fact that due to the lack of effective market mechanisms for coordinating production plans, seasonal overproduction of individual crops occurs. In this regard, the problem of developing an effective and sustainable mechanism for coordinating strategic decisions between independent producers under conditions of uncertainty and imperfect information arises. The paper describes the features of such market systems, highlights their specific differences from markets with perfect competition, and proposes a formulation of the problem of mathematical modeling that allows formally describing the interaction of economic entities in such a market. 

The article examines the introduction of robotic and automated technologies in agriculture, which in the near future will lead to increased productivity and logistics efficiency, reduced costs and faster deliveries. The article presents the structure of a model for effective management of rural areas in the context of robotization, and also makes calculations of the efficiency of rural management in the context of intensive introduction of robotic technologies in agriculture. The study examines the impact of the processes of introducing innovative technologies in the agro-industrial complex and their socio-ecological and economic consequences using analysis and synthesis, systems and dialectical approaches. When performing the study, methods of statistical and systems analysis, modeling of some socio-economic processes, as well as economic experiments were used. The results of the study can contribute to the optimization and development of production processes in the agricultural sector when introducing new robotic technologies into the real sector of the economy, taking into account social and economic factors.

The relevance of the research is conditioned by the necessity of objective assessment of the results of large-scale investments of the region in innovative developments aimed at accelerated socio-economic development. The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of the implementation of innovative development projects in the Chechen Republic in the last ten years. The scientific novelty of the work lies in the development of the author's methodology of comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of innovation projects, which takes into account not only economic, but also social, environmental and institutional aspects. 

Instability of venture ecosystem is inherent in any global country to one degree or another, regardless of the level of development of venture industry. The most important condition for working in the market under study is to reduce the speed of adaptation of "players" to transformational processes in the internal and external environment. Therefore, the study of current trends in the development of the venture capital market, the identification of threats and strategic prospects is always relevant. The purpose of the presented research is to analyze current trends in the development of the venture ecosystem on a global and Russian scale, identify basic problems for an objective assessment of the strategic prospects for the development of Russian high-tech business. To achieve the goal, the following methods were used in the work: expert assessment, comparative analysis, relevant assessment of statistical data, field research, etc. Based on the results of the study, the main threats and basic problems of the country venture industry have been identified, which in the future may become a deterrent to the development of the institutional foundations of the innovation environment in the country and in its territorial socio-economic entities. The results of the work will allow us to trace the current dynamics and development potential of the global and Russian venture ecosystems, to assess the possibilities of adapting new models of interaction and investment tools in Russian realities.

The essay attempts to outline the prehistory and history of the Khumara village. The first part is a brief historiographical review of medieval sources of the 10th–12th centuries, works of Russian and European authors of the 17th–19th centuries, as well as archaeological research of the second half of the 20th century, devoted to the reasons for the emergence of the first settlement and fortress in this area. The second part covers the history of the village – from its foundation in the 19th century to the present. The paper is based on archival documents of the 19th century, scientific publications of the 2000s, information from local history websites, newspaper articles and oral reports from local informants.

The article is devoted to the study of the names of plants that occur in the click dialect of the Karachay-Balkar language. The paper examines such geobotanical units that reflect the richness and diversity of the Karachay-Balkar language. Dictionary units are considered in an etymological aspect, and their word-formation structures and patterns of semantic and formal connections are revealed. Using the example of folk names of plants, polysemantic and isosemantic series of words related to floral terminology are given.

The article examines the trends and prospects of development in Ossetian literary studies of the first decades of the 21^st century in interrelation with the dynamics of humanitarian science in the North Caucasus region. The work is based on the research data of SOIGSI literary scholars within the framework of the project History of Ossetian literature in the light of the formation, development and interaction of aesthetic systems; utilized theoretical-philosophical and historical-literary types of scientific research. The theoretical direction is relevant to the tasks of studying the genetic origins of realism, its historical typology, the unity of tradition and innovation. The field of the second vector includes the analysis and interpretation of specific works, their poetics and semantics, complex internal structure, – but also with access to theoretical generalizations, allowing to characterize the connections and regularities in the creative activity of individual masters of the word and the historical and literary process as a whole. The relevance of the topic is dictated by the need to comprehend and systematize the accumulated literary experience and to develop a joint paradigm of research on the history of national literatures. The results of scientific research in four substantive directions in the sphere of modern Ossetian studies thought are presented: 1) socialist realism as a worldview and as an artistic method in its evolutionary development; 2) structure of Ossetian narrative, study of literary phenomena in the transitional stages of Ossetian verbal culture; 3) literature addressed to children's audience: genre and style features, system of images, regulative-educational and other functions); 4) fiction translation as a phenomenon of intercultural communication, theoretical and practical aspects of the translation process: transfer of national color, individual style of an author, realization of the semantic space of the original. Vector analysis of interrelated research strategies in Ossetian literary studies is defined for the first time.

This work is dedicated to the discovery and introduction into scientific circulation of a rock image found in July 2024 among the complex of petroglyphs of Khagondokovo II. The drawings are carved into the rock, anthropomorphic and zoomorphic figures. The uniqueness of the open drawings lies in the fact that they represent a complete picture, the images of which show people hunting deer. In the rock painting hunters are depicted with swords, which is a little-known case of such petroglyphs. These facts determine the relevance of this research topic. The aim of the work is to introduce into scientific circulation the recently discovered rock carvings found among the petroglyphs of Khagondokovo II.