Vol 27, No 4 (2025)

Due to stricter sanitary and hygienic standards and the constant increase in prices for energy and water resources, the importance of CIP purification processes is growing in terms of cost for breweries. Optimization by traditional methods is difficult, the processes are nonlinear, depend on the composition of the product and require strict compliance with safety conditions, especially when working with glass containers. Consequently, the task for effective CIP systems is formulated considering the above factors.

Aim. To create a digital twin system for CIP station, capable to generate an optimal operating profile in real-time, taking into account factors like flow, temperature, and time, and to ensure direct industrial SCADA system implementation. The solution is based on a mathematical model that incorporates a system of implicit differential equations describing the processes of heat and mass transfer as well as the hydraulic equilibrium of the pipeline network.

Methods. Optimization is performed using an iterative dynamic programming algorithm that minimizes the total costs of steam, electricity, and chemicals, while maintaining hygienic standards for residual contamination.

Results. To ensure compatibility with the industrial SCADA environment, we have employed automatic code generation in the S-function to transfer the model from MATLAB/Simulink, eliminating the need for additional adaptation. A pilot real-world test was carried out for 60000 bottles per hour. During 30 consecutive days, the digital twin demonstrated stability and high accuracy, deviations from the SCADA logs did not exceed 0.4 °C in temperature and 1.2 % in solution consumption.

Conclusions. The introduction of profile-guided optimization cut the CIP cycle time by 10-15 % and reduce the consumption of caustic and steam by an average of 20 %, while maintaining the microbiological purity of the equipment. The results obtained confirm both the technical and economic feasibility of the proposed approach.

The relevance of this study stems from the exponential mobile growth and the fundamental limitations of modern mobile networks, which make traditional centralized approaches to information processing inefficient. Aim. The paper analyses the disadvantages of modern mobile networks when transmitting large-scale data and an assessment for possible compensation of limitations through distributed mobile computing, including a study of the impact of thermal throttling on smartphone performance under long-term computing load. Methods. Experimental performance analysis for data transfer rates, synthetic performance tests, stress tests for throttling analysis, and a comparative analysis of mobile and stationary systems are used. Results. A comprehensive real performance analysis disclosed key challenges in 4G, 3G, and 2G networks such as: connection instability (speed fluctuations in 4G from 10-15 Mbit/s with dips up to 5 Mbit/s), high transmission delays, and a catastrophic drop in throughput in previous-generation networks. Experimental data demonstrate that transferring a 2 GB file under optimal 4G conditions takes 20 minutes, while in 3G this figure reaches 2 hours, and in 2G it becomes a virtually impossible task. As an alternative approach, we explore distributed mobile computing for the devices. Comparative performance tests between flagship smartphones (Samsung Galaxy S24) and stationary systems revealed that with single-threaded computing the gap is only 15 %, but the key limiting factor is thermal throttling, which reduces the device's performance by 45-50% after 12-18 minutes of intensive load. Conclusions. The obtained results confirm the theoretical possibility of creating efficient distributed mobile computing systems based on clusters, but point to the necessity for advanced load balancing algorithm and thermal management determining the potential avenues for future study.

Landslide phenomena with loss of stability of soil slopes occur both in natural landscapes and during excavation operations with a violation of the stability of folded rocks, including during the construction and operation of soil dams and fencing dams, automobile and railway embankments, etc. The stability of slopes depends on a variety of factors, the most important of which are the physical and mechanical characteristics of the soil, which can be either homogeneous throughout the massif, or heterogeneous in the form of various layers, etc. Aim. Expanding the possibilities of a comprehensive assessment of slope stability by considering additional (to the circular) families of hyperbolic sliding curves for the case of a base with different strength characteristics. Methods. Methods are used to determine the outlines of the sliding curves of a landslide slope with the least margin of stability, based on a comparison of the calculated results of families of circular, lower-hyperbolic, and upper-hyperbolic curves. The calculations are performed using the Terzaghi method by dividing the proposed area of soil mass slide into vertical sections and determining the local holding and shearing forces for each section. The final result is the ratio of the total values of these forces. Results. A comprehensive method for determining the outlines of the most dangerous sliding curves of soil massifs based on the Terzaghi method is proposed, considering families of circular and hyperbolic (with low and high curvature) sliding lines. The results obtained, tested for the ground slope at the specified two points on the sliding line, showed: adequacy of the proposed analytical solution for circular curves (~ 2 %) in comparison with the results of numerical calculation according to the OTKOS-22 program; the line of least stability for the case under consideration is the lower hyperbolic sliding curve with a stability coefficient 11% less than the slope stability along the circular sliding curve; the stability coefficients of slopes with relatively small differences in sliding lines can vary significantly; in the considered case, the stability coefficients for slopes with sufficiently close hyperbolic outlines of the lower and upper curvature differ by more than 19 %. Conclusions. A comprehensive method for determining the outlines of the most dangerous sliding curves of soil massifs based on the Terzaghi method is proposed, considering families of circular and hyperbolic (with low and high curvature) sliding lines, which significantly expands the search area for lines of least slope stability.

The paper presents the research outcomes for community structure of the endophytic fungi in the seed of some new highly productive genotypes in soft spring wheat, created using complex breeding and genetic methodologies: haplo-biotechnology, the ecological and geographical selecting parental forms in the design of complex spring-winter hybrids (ecological valents), to reveal the possibility of evaluating breeding material when breeding new commercial varieties.

Aim. To investigate the endophytic community (pathogenic and non-pathogenic), in wheat seeds to determine the feasibility of this type of evaluation to assess resistance to fungal diseases, as well as to understand the complex interactions between these fungi, plants and the environment.

Materials and methods. Genotypes of soft spring wheat created using modern breeding and genetic approaches (haplo-biotechnology, ecological and geographical selection of parental pairs in the construction of complex spring-winter hybrids). A microbiological technique is used (isolating the pathogen on a growth medium, obtaining a pure culture), which includes morphological identification (microscopy). The initial diagnosis is confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on primers developed for the (ITS) region, followed by Sanger sequencing.

Results. Differences are shown in the community structure of endophytic fungi in the seed material, depending on the breeding lines (genotypes) of spring wheat. 7 species of fungi belonging to 5 genera are identified. Pathogenic fungi from the genera Fusarium and Alternaria, as well as non-pathogenic fungi from Trichoderma and Clonostachys, are found among them.

Conclusions and recommendations. The results of this study contribute to a broader understanding of the formation of beneficial endophytic communities in agriculture and breeding (selection of resistant wheat varieties, which would reduce the need for pesticides). The study of such fungi is a promising area of research for the breeding of soft wheat.

Interpreting reliability as an omnichannel synchronization of a logistics ecosystem, where sustainability is achieved through coordinated interaction between physical, digital, organizational, and institutional components, enables us to take into account the unique characteristics of the Arctic infrastructure, including climate-related risks, network fragmentation, digital inequalities, and the need for flexible routing strategies.

Aim. The paper theoretically justifies the evolution of the concept of transport and logistics infrastructure reliability in the context of sustainable development of the Arctic zone and the Northern Sea Route. It identifies the methodological limitations of existing approaches and proposes a theoretically grounded model for reliability based on omnichannel logistics synchronization that is adapted to the macro-logistical conditions of the Arctic.

Methods. The methodological basis includes comparative-analytical and systematic approaches, as well as the principles of regional analysis of the Arctic.

Results. The paper explores the advancement approaches to the theory of transport and logistics infrastructure reliability, focusing on the specific challenges of the Arctic region and the Northern Sea Route. The article argues for a shift from traditional engineering interpretations of reliability towards a cognitive model that incorporates predictive analytics and the use of digital twins. Reliability is defined as the omnichannel synchronization of the logistics system, ensuring stability and resilience in the face of high levels of territorial and climatic uncertainty. The paper outlines five stages in the development of the concept of reliability: from an engineering-based approach to a more digital and platform-driven paradigm.

Conclusions. The proposed approach highlights the potential of actively managing logistics reliability through the cognitive digital platforms, which can form the foundation for strategic planning of Arctic logistics.

The article discusses the issue of the professional development of civil servants in relation to overcoming external challenges faced by the national economy. In light of the transition to a digital economy, this issue remains relevant due to automation of jobs in the public sector.

Aim. Is to determine the core principles of the state's requirements for a modern employee and the rationale behind these expectations.

Methods - induction, statistical analysis, data processing and interpretation, identification of patterns, as well as deduction.

Results. The trajectory of priorities for additional employee training has been determined, which has recently been changing or being clarified on an annual basis. The existing scientific approaches on the research topic are summarized, which led to the formation of the most optimal approach to the professionalization of employees and the preservation of the quality of their functions under overcoming external challenges by the national economy. It has been revealed that the principle of professionalization for employees in the industry is promising, as it allows for the minimization of risks in the process of their professional development. The interrelation between the sectoral professionalization of civil servants and the transition of the national economy to a recovery phase is discussed. The paper argues the sectoral approach to improving civil servants' professional skills, as well as in the framework of external challenges. The potential for implementing this principle in federal public service platforms is outlined. The proposed solution can be adapted in institutions at every stage of government.

External challenges in the national economy and the transition of the higher education system to intensive training of future engineers affect several important areas - the structure of innovative development of universities and investment policy aimed at supporting innovation in the field of education. The relevance of preserving innovative potential is especially noticeable in regional universities, whose technological development resources may differ.

Aim. To study is to examine the problem of the technological gap in the structure of regional higher education and modern directions of scientific research in solving it.

Research methods. The research used methods of deduction, problem setting, deduction and synthesis.

Results. The example of state universities of the Chechen Republic clearly shows that universities with different needs for innovative development can operate in the region. For investment policy at the regional level, such a situation means the need to develop a universal solution to avoid a technological gap, since this problem largely characterizes the economic independence of the universities in the context of their inevitable interaction with technology. The article presents the structure of the components of a single mechanism for reducing the technological gap in the universities' investment policy.

Conclusions. The use of the structure by a regional university will allow, within the framework of investment policy, to establish a closer connection between the regional economy's demand for qualified personnel, the educational opportunities of the university in accordance with the profile of study, and innovations.

The article is devoted to the study of the history of bailiffs' administrations in the Central Caucasus in the 1830s-1850s in modern historiography. The relevance of the study lies in examining a set of historiographical sources and determining how and through what factors the volume of scientific knowledge in this field increased. This topic has not previously been the subject of a special study, and its originality lies in the problem definition and the analysis of the latest historiographical sources on the creation and development of the bailiffs' offices in the Central Caucasus in the 1830s and 1850s. The study uses comparative-historical, problem-chronological, and periodization methods. It also analyzes in detail the works of contemporary researchers such as Z.M. Bliyeva, Zh.A. Kalmykov, E.G. Muratova (Bitova), E.I. Kobakhidze, Z.Zh. Glasheva, A.Kh. Abazov, I.R. Marzey (Nakhusheva), D.M. Alkhasova, and others. It is concluded that the bailiff in the Central Caucasus in the 1830s-1850s remained a key figure in maintaining order and stability in the border territories, ensuring interaction between the center and the indigenous population of the region. Further prospects for studying the history of the development of local judicial and administrative control institutions in the Central Caucasus in the 1830s-1850s are outlined.

The article analyzes the socio-political, interethnic, and legal issues of South Ossetia, from the medieval period to the recognition of the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of South Ossetia by the Russian Federation and other states. The authors rely on verified historical and legal documents and strive to draw objective and scientifically grounded conclusions. Special attention is paid to the stages and patterns of the national and state-building process in South Ossetia.