Том 43, № 3 (2017)

The transformation of the structural organization of interphase nuclei of a plant cell, depending on the type of tissue, ploidy, and the action of abiotic factors of the medium, has been studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that the location and the quantitative relationship between condensed and decondensed chromatin, the presence and localization of nuclear bodies in the plant nucleus, and the presence of invaginations of the nuclear membrane and inclusions depend on the tissue type and cell age as well as the intensity, time, and type of exposure to abiotic factors. Examples of different degrees of chromatin condensation in one plant organism are given. It has been established that the degree of chromatin condensation and decondensation, the state of other domains and nonspecific inclusions of the cell nucleus can be artificially modeled for research purposes or subsequent modification. The issue of application of such technologies for the creation and selection of stable forms of agricultural plants taking into account the controlled modification of their genome is discussed. A possible mechanism for incorporation of nonspecific inclusions in a nuclear compartment is proposed.

The requirements and key characteristics for breeding winter rapeseed for the temperate/forest zone are formulated on the basis of agritechnical and climatic conditions. Assessment of the stock material discovered the sources of the valuable agronomic traits, such as winter hardiness, seed quality, and productivity. Freezing in a climate-controlled growth room was used along with geographically diverse intravariety hybridization for subsequent selection of the most winter-hardy specimen. Use of parental forms that provide both high yields and superb seed quality resulted in a number of varieties combining winter hardiness with good harvesting features. As a result, winter rapeseed cultivars yielding a capacity of 6.0–6.5 t of seeds ha^–1 and oil content of 44–48% with low glucosinolates and zero erucic acid content were created, thus opening vaster cultivation areas for the crop. Using the cultivars created by the All-Russia Williams Fodder Research Institute for further breeding facilitates a more sustainable and economically efficient oilseed production, expanding the cultivation areas of winter rapeseed in the European center of Russia, providing high-quality cooking oil and energy feed additives for animal husbandry.

The aim of the experimental study is to analyse the consequence of carbon dioxide elevation on activity of nitrate reductase (NR; EC 1.6.6.1), nitrite reductase (NiR; EC 1.7.7.1), glutamate synthetase (GOGAT; EC 1.4.1.13) in leguminous Cyamopsis tetragonoloba leaves. Plants were exposed to different atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations 300 ppm (ambient) and 490 ppm (an elevated) conditions. A decrease in activity of Nitrate Reductase (NR), Nitrite Reductase (NiR), Glutamate Synthetase (GOGAT) was found in elevated condition when compared to ambient condition. Plant nitrogen on dry weight basis was found to decrease under elevation with no significant change in soil nitrogen. Soil pH was found to change significantly under elevation, thus showing a decline in pH and promoting soil acidiosis. Total plant fresh weight (FW) and total plant dry weight (DW), Leaf area/cm² were found increased in elevated condition. Thus, in Cyamopsis tetragonoloba plant it can be concluded that under carbon dioxide elevation Nitrate reductase, Nitrite reductase and Glutamate synthetase activity is suppressed due to a reduced amount of nitrate translocation and NADH availability for reduction in plant which is correlated with reduction in plant total nitrogen content where as plant growth and biomass is enhanced due to higher carbon fixation.

This article describes the experiments on identifying the attractiveness of the objects of landscape architecture heritage in the Volga upland, which confirm the need to restore this kind of landscaping for the formation of a landscape-ecological and recreational framework. The novelty of the study lies in a new method of approach that is expressed in the mathematical calculation of attractiveness and determination of the recreational effect without a site visit, based on only a topographic map and satellite images with the indication of the object and its natural environment. In this regard, the regression mathematical model of attractiveness is derived, and the recreational effect of various historical objects of landscape architecture is established.

The following benzoylurea chitin synthesis inhibitors—diflubenzuron used in Dimilin and Gerold formulations, lufenuron registered as Match, and a Lufox combined insecticide based on two active ingredients, lufenuron and fenoxycarb (juvenoid)—have been tested. The effectiveness of the Dimilin insecticide in regulating the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.) population was assessed in Tambov oblast, Rostov-on-Don oblast, and Krasnodar krai in 2010–2011. Reduction of damage in the harvested fruit at the maximum application rate comprised 90–100% in all the regions. The biological effectiveness of the Gerold preparation in regulating the complex population consisted of leafrollers and currant bud moths (Incurvaria capitella Cl.) and comprised 85–87% in the Tambov oblast and reached 100% in the Orel and Leningradskaya oblasts (2012–2014). The field tests to assess the biological effectiveness of the Match insecticide in regulating the population of cotton worm (Heliothis armigera Hb) in Krasnodar krai and Astrakhan oblast proved that the preparation was capable to reduce the number of the cotton worm larvae on tomato plants (up to 99.0%). The Lufox combined insecticide effectively reduced the larval population of codling moth and, hence, the damage of apple fruit in Krasnodar krai and Rostov-on-Don oblast (up to 96.8%). The tested plant protection products are recommended for use in the ecologized systems.

The article discusses the effect of different predecessors and methods of basic treatment of soil on the magnitude and nature of the formation of soil moisture reserves in the cultivation of winter wheat on the slopes of ordinary chernozems in the Rostov oblast. Winter wheat in the experiment was cultivated after a steam clean, after winter wheat, after peas, and after corn silage. The study was conducted in four variants of primary tillage in the following crop rotations: chisel, combo, surface, and moldboard tillage. It is established that, in general, over the growing period of winter wheat, 3 of 4 years have a shortage of water supply, especially in the period from the resumption of the spring growing season to complete full ripeness. Analysis of the autumn watersupplies by variants of the main processing of the soil indicates the advantage of the chisel treatment, confirmed statistically by two predecessors—a clean pair and corn silage. The studies for the years 2011–2014 showed the close relationship of the absorption coefficient of precipitation from the reserves of productive moisture in autumn (R² = 0.94). It is revealed that the assimilation of precipitation of the cold period largely depends on soil fertility due to different stocks of productive moisture in autumn. The close relationship of grain yield with the value primary of moisture reserves in the autumn sowing of winter wheat in the soil layer of 0–150 cm is shown.

Surveys were performed with 248 healthy Ayrshire calves, including 74 newborn calves, 65 milkfed calves, and 42 vegetarian-fed calves. During the first year of life, the summation index of platelet aggregations induced by ADP, ristomicine, and collagen gradually increased, reaching 22.40 ± 2.16%, 8.23 ± 0.27%, and 8.14 ± 0.81%, respectively. The most stable aggregations were the aggregations induced by ristomicine. The index of platelet disaggregation induced by ristomicine reached the minimum values (2.21 ± 0.09) at the age of 12 months. The aggregations induced by ADP and collagen were less stable. The indices of platelet disaggregation induced by collagen and ADP tended to increase up to 2.70 ± 0.24% and 12.22 ± 0.76%, respectively. The low level of the platelet hemostatic activity, which is typical for the Ayrshire cattle during the first year of life, ensures both the adaptation of the hemostasis processes to the environmental conditions and the optimal capillary perfusion in the growing and maturing organs.

Analyzing postvaccine immunity during murrain, it was ascertained that increase of the 146 S-antigen of the virus and adjuvants in the vaccine dose affected the dynamics of accumulation of specific antibodies; cells of an organism have specific immunity, but significantly larger amounts of specific antigen and adjuvants are required to create it, which is also promoted by revaccination of animals.

Forecasting of crop yield is helpful in food management and growth of a nation, which has specially agriculture based economy. In the last few decades, Artificial Neural Networks have been used successfully in different fields of agricultural remote sensing especially in crop type classification and crop area estimation. The present work employed two types of Artificial Neural Networks i.e., a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) and a Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) to predict the yield of potato crops, which have been sown differently (flat and rough). Crop parameters like leaf area index, biomass and plant height were used as input data, while the yield of potato fields as output dataset to train and test the Neural Networks. Both GRNN and RBNN predicted potato crop yield accurately. However based on quick learning capability and lower spread constant (0.5), the GRNN was found a better predictor than RBFNN. Furthermore, the rough surface field was found more productive than flat field.

A grain pile delivered from the combine harvesters to the postharvest handling stations contains, besides the full-value grain, foreign materials, including the poisonous ergot sclerotia. The use of air-sieveseparating machines and other devices does not provide any positive results during cleaning of the grain material from the ergot due to the similarity of its properties and properties of the cleaned crop. The grains of the main cereal crops (wheat, barley, rye, oats) has specific gravity of (1.2–1.5) × 10³ kg/m³ and that of ergot sclerotia is (0.9–1.15) × 10³ kg/m³. Cleaning of the grain from the ergot sclerotia is possible in saline solution. The estimation of the height of location of the charging hopper as to the level of the saline solution was made to develop the device for cleaning the grain material by the specific gravity using the wet method. It is stated that, taking into account the geometrical dimensions (l_kernel = 8.0 × 10^–3 m³ and r_kernel = 1.0 × 10^–3 m) of the grain of the main grain crops upon the saline solution density ρr = 1.15 × 10³ kg/m³ corresponding to the maximum density value ρ_s of the ergot sclerotia, the coefficient of the solution surface tension σ = 0.0816 n/m and the coefficient of the hydrodynamic resistance c = 0.9, the height h of location of the hopper as to the surface of the saline solution makes from 21.35 × 10–3 m for the grain with the density ρz = 1.5 × 103 kg/m3 to 34.01 × 10–3 for the grain with the density ρz = 1.2 × 103 kg/m3.