卷 70, 编号 2 (2025)

The review analyzes literature data on the biological properties of thymoquinone (TQ), a component of black cumin (Nigella sativa), which is widely used (mainly in the East) for the prevention and treatment of a number of pathologies, including oncology. Numerous data are provided on the radioprotective properties of TQ on experimental animals associated with the effect on oxidative stress induced by radiation, as well as stimulation of the protective systems of the cell and the body. The effect of TQ in combination with radiation in tumor formation is shown. Given the safety of TQ compared to synthetic protectors, the authors recommend TQ for further research for prevention and treatment of radiation exposure.

Purpose: To determine changes in the copy number and gene expression of mtDNA in various tissues of mice subjected to local irradiation of the brain.

Material and methods: Male Balb/c mice aged 2 months were used. Only the head of the mouse was exposed to X-ray irradiation at a dose of 5 Gy (power 2.5 Gy/min). After removal from the animals, the tissues were homogenized on ice, after which the homogenate mass was divided into two parts to isolate nucleic acids. Liquid blood was collected separately, after which nucleated blood cells were separated into granulocyte and monocyte fractions by differential centrifugation by Diacoll density gradient. The total number of mtDNA copies and gene expression were assessed using real-time PCR.

Results: It was shown that in nucleated blood cells, after irradiation, the relative number of transcripts of the mitochondrial gene ATP6 increases. In granulocytes, this effect is much more pronounced than in monocytes. At the same time, the amount of mitochondrial DNA in nucleated blood cells decreases relative to the control level by 2–3 times. In the brain exposed to irradiation, an increase in the relative amount of mtDNA transcripts by about 3 times is also observed, compared to the control. In organs not exposed to irradiation (heart, liver, spleen), the same effect is observed as in the brain, namely, an increase in the relative amount of mtDNA transcripts. The number of copies of mtDNA itself in brain cells, after a sharp increase a day after irradiation, sharply decreases and remains so until the end of the experiment, 30 days later. In liver and heart cells, the opposite process occurs, namely, a significant increase in the number of mtDNA copies, with a maximum at 14–21 days from the moment of irradiation.

Conclusion: Thus, the obtained results allow us to say that the observed changes are due to the occurrence of the “bystander effect” that arose after local irradiation of the brain with X-ray radiation at a dose of 5 Gy.

Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for 85 % of all lung cancers. Combined chemoradiotherapy is one of options in the treatment of patients with inoperable NSCLC. However, the prognosis of NSCLC remains unsatisfactory due to the development of radio- and chemo-resistance of cancer cells. This study aimed to investigate how the overexpression of miR-16, miR-16-1-3p, and miR-16-2-3p influences clonogenic survival, migration, and sensitivity to cisplatin in both radiosensitive and radioresistant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells.

Material and methods: This study involved the application of single proton beam irradiation to A549 NSCLC cells, resulting in the emergence of a subline of resilient radioresistant daughter cells, designated as A549IR. To explore the functional role of the miR-16, miR-16-1-3p, and miR-16-2-3p in NSCLC, we overexpressed the “leader” miR-16 as well as the “passenger” miR-16-1-3p and miR-16-2-3p strands in both the parental A549 and their radioresistant variant, A549IR cells. The impact of microRNA overexpression on cell viability was evaluated through a clonogenic assay. Additionally, cisplatin sensitivity was measured by calculating the total mass of surviving cells via the sulforhodamine B method. Furthermore, the capacity for cell migration and invasion was investigated using Boyden chambers.

Results: Overexpressing miR-16, miR-16-1-3p, and miR-16-2-3p significantly reduced the ability of A549 and radioresistant A549IR NSCLC cells to survive, clone, migrate, and invade, compared to cells with normal levels of these microRNAs. Moreover, the stable overexpression of these microRNAs markedly enhanced the sensitivity of A549 and A549IR cells to the cytotoxic effects of cisplatin, allowing for a nearly threefold reduction in the concentration needed to achieve 50 % cell death.

Conclusion: An increase in the expression of “passenger” miR-16-1-3p and miR-16-2-3p, as well as the “leader” miR-16, exhibits a robust tumor-suppressive and cisplatin-sensitizing activities in both the radiation-sensitive parental and the radiation-resistant daughter cells in the human NSCLC A549 lineage.

Purpose: To determine the levels of indoor radon EEC of educational institutions in Lermontov city, to estimate the doses due to radon, to establish the causes of increased radon activity concentration in the indoor air and the patterns of its change.

Material and methods: measurements of radon EEC in cold and warm seasons were performed using the SSNTD (TRACK-REI_1M equipment), the content of natural radionuclides in building materials and soils using the Progress-2000 scintillation gamma spectrometer based on NaI(Tl) detector, the radon exhalation rate, using the Camera-01 charcoal complex, and radon continuous monitoring was carried out with the Radon Eye and Radex MR107. A total of 19 buildings were surveyed.

Results: It was found that the territory is characterized by a high geogenic radon, the average radium-226 content is 103 Bq/kg (range from 45 to 230 Bq/kg), the average value of radon exhalation is 263 mBq/(m²s) (range from 31 to 2730 mBk/(m²s)). The indoor radon EEC values of the 1st floors of educational institutions ranged from 12 to 1347 Bq/m³. Exceeding the permissible levels was found in all surveyed buildings, except for one kindergarten, where basement reliably protect against radon entering buildings. There are no clear seasonal patterns in the distribution of indoor radon, as well as a significant decrease in radon concentrations on the upper floors of buildings, which is apparently explained by intense convective mixing of air between floors. The main source of radon in buildings is its release from the soil. The entry of radon into buildings is caused by the convective transfer of radon through leaky tie-ins of communications and other defects in basement. The ineffectiveness of the radon mitigation measures is highlighted in all buildings where they were carried out. This is due to the inefficient allocation of responsibilities and the lack of competence and experience of the construction organisations carrying out this work.

Purpose: To develop a concept of medical and psychophysiological support for risk assessment and management in the Human-Industrial Environment (HIE) system.

Material and methods: Generalization of literature data on riskology, theory and practice of professional risk assessment and management, theory of reliability of the human factor in socio-technical systems, as well as published results of own research.

Results: Using a systematic approach and the theory of riskology, the dangers to the functioning of the (HPS) system are considered. An employee, on the one hand, is at risk of losing his health due to the influence of harmful and/or dangerous production factors. On the other hand, he himself is a potential source of risk for the functioning of the Nuclear Plant (NP), the consequences of which can be, among other things, catastrophic. In the first case, the threat is production, the damage is the loss of health of the employee, in the second – the threat of the employee, the damage is the economic, social, political and other consequences of a man–made radiation accident. This is reflected in the proposed conceptual model of complex occupational risks, which takes into account both occupational and anthropogenic risks. The concept of a system for assessing and managing complex occupational risk has been developed, jointly implemented by occupational safety specialists of the NP and its medical organization. On the basis of a risk-based approach, the company’s specialists conduct a special assessment of working conditions and characteristics of professional adaptation of an employee, specialists of a medical organization assess the state of health according to periodic medical examinations. The assessment is carried out according to nosological (group of dispensary observation) and prenosological (level of psychophysiological adaptation) criteria. Anthropogenic risk is proposed to be assessed by the level of functional reliability of the employee through the professional and functional characteristics of the employee.

Conclusion: in the course of the conducted research, a conceptual model of risk formation in the HIE system has been developed and substantiated. A conceptual model for the formation of a complex occupational risk is proposed, combining the employee’s health risk and anthropogenic risk, as well as a risk-oriented approach to the creation of a professional risk assessment and management system concept. Its practical implementation will help to preserve the professional health of personnel and improve the safety of operation of nuclear energy facilities.

Purpose: Assessment of the incidence of occupational diseases (OD) of employees of enterprises and organizations of the Russian nuclear industry.

Material and methods: Work uses the information base of the Industrial Register of Persons with Occupational Diseases (ORPROFI), developed by A.I. Burnazyan FMBC of the FMBA of Russia and containing information on cases of occupational diseases of employees of enterprises and organizations serviced by healthcare institutions of the FMBA of Russia, including enterprises and organizations of the nuclear industry of Russia.

To process the results of the study, the statistical Excel software package was used, original programs were developed to calculate absolute and intensive indicators, the growth rate. The incidence OD was calculated per 10,000 employees.

Results: The assessment of the incidence of OD among employees of enterprises and organizations of the nuclear industry was carried out. The features of the structure of the registered OD of employees of enterprises and organizations of the nuclear industry, which differ from the structure of the OD of workers in other sectors of the economy, are established. An assessment of the dynamics of the incidence of OD for the period 2011–2023 was carried out.

Conclusion: In the group of employees of enterprises and organizations of the nuclear industry with registered OD for the period 2011–2023, the first rank place is occupied by persons in the age group of 50–59 years – 38.8 % (average age 54.4 ± 0.3). The proportion of people with two or more OD is 54.0 %. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue occupy the first rank in the structure of the incidence of OD (ICD 10: M00–M99.9) – 48.6 %, the second – injuries, poisoning and some other consequences of exposure to external causes (ICD 10: S00–T98) – 19.2 %, the third – malignant neoplasms (ICD 10: C00–D09.9) – 12.2 %. There was a sharp increase in the incidence of OD in 2011–2016. The dynamics of this epidemiological process of OD can be explained by the introduction of a system for correcting the accounting of employees with a diagnosed occupational disease. In the structure of harmful production factors in 2023, physical overloads and functional overstrain of individual organs and systems occupy the largest share – 53.4 %, in second place – the impact of physical factors – 40.0 %, in third place other factors – 6.7 %.

Relevance: Malignant neoplasms of the bronchi and lungs are among the most common localizations both among the population of Russia and in the world as a whole. The main reasons are the deterioration of the environmental situation due to the active growth of “dirty” industries, as well as smoking of tobacco and nicotine-containing substances (the cause of 80 % of lung cancer cases).

The article presents the results of evaluation of lung cancer incidence rate in the population exposed to chronic radiation exposure as a result of the activities of the Production Association «Mayak» (the discharge of liquid radioactive waste into the Techa River in the early 1950s and the explosion in the storage facility in September 1957, which resulted in the formation of the East Urals Radioactive Trace).

Purpose: Analysis the incidence rates of lung cancer in the population included in the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation cohort over a 65-year follow-up period (between 1956 and 2020).

Material and methods: The study was conducted by cohort method. The cohort under study is the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation. The cohort includes individuals exposed as a result of two radiation accidents in the Southern Urals in the mid-20th century. The size of the analytical cohort was 47,234 people. During the 65-year follow-up period, 852 cases of lung cancer were recorded in the cohort in the catchment area, with 1.3 million person-years at risk.

Results: Among members of the Southern Urals Population Exposed to Radiation cohort, an increase in lung cancer incidence rates was detected over time, as well as with increasing attained age and age at the onset of exposure. The incidence rate in men in the cohort was significantly higher than in women. A significantly higher incidence of lung cancer was noted in the Russian ethnic group relative to the Tatar and Bashkir ones. Smoking was shown to significantly increase the risk of lung cancer in the cohort.

Conclusion: Analysis of lung cancer incidence rates was carried out for the first time in this cohort. The findings will be used in future radiogenic risk analysis studies.

The presented review of three reports is devoted to bibliographic databases on health and other effects and indexes in nuclear workers (NW) and uranium miners (U miners), developed within the framework of the research theme of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia (FMBA) and registered with the state in Rospatent. Report 1 sets out introductory issues of the theory of databases, as well as registers, and provides detailed information on the database for NW.

Visual and/or software search of the material in the database it is supposed to be carried out both through the information names of the catalogs, including the themes of research, carried out using the list of abbreviations (metadata for the database), and through all the texts of the sources included in the database using the proposed programs.

Auxiliary elements of the database are fragments of two sub-bases that have undergone hierarchical thematic cataloging in accordance with the identified areas of research on the effects and indexes for NW. These elements are intended, firstly, for initial familiarization with the subject of the database for NW, and, secondly, they are significant as a final thematic base with a certain number of sources, which can be used directly for operational purposes.

The developed database for NW has no analogues among industry databases/registers for NW in various countries, nor among bibliographic and search systems. PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, CINAHL, ISRCTN, Web of Science and Google revealed 5–24 times fewer sources on the theme than the proposed database, and in most cases the world search systems do not provide for the extraction of original publications (as for the IAEA INIS bibliographic database on radiation effects). The depth of the search for works on effects and indexes for NW in the world systems is significantly inferior to the developed database (1960–1970s versus 1940–1950s).

It is concluded that the presented database on NW is unique for examination within the framework of the FMBA and other healthcare institutions, and has no complete replacement as a scientific reference and expert depot of sources.

The literature review analyzed the use of X-ray computed tomography to assess thyroid function by X-ray density or with the use of special tomographs by the concentration of intrathyroidal iodine in absolute values (μg/g). Only the use of CT makes it possible to assess the risk of disruption of the hormone-forming function of the thyroid gland, diagnose hypothyroidism in the early stages, and, in case of dysfunction of the thyroid gland, determine the nature of the disorder: iodine-induced or iodine deficiency. For people living in regions with iodine deficiency, RCT makes it possible to assess the degree of iodine deficiency and, when carrying out iodine prophylaxis, to monitor its effectiveness.

Based on literature data, fluctuations in the concentration of intrathyroidal stable iodine (ITI) and thyroid density during euthyroidism were determined for Moscow and the Moscow region, which amounted to 200‒700 μg/g for ITI and 85-140 units.

Purpose: The evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a domestic radiopharmaceutical drug based on Radium-223 chloride in patients with bone metastases in comparison with the original drug.

Material and methods: In the period from 2022 to 2023, a study was conducted that included 36 patients diagnosed with metastatic castration–resistant prostate cancer in the absence of visceral metastases, who underwent planar osteoscintigraphy in the whole body mode and PET/CT with ¹⁸F-PSMA. In all patients included in the study, the fact of metastatic skeletal lesions and the absence of visceral metastases were confirmed by diagnostic studies before inclusion in the study. The effectiveness was assessed by comparing the data of planar osteoscintigraphy and PET/CT before the start of treatment and after cycle 4, as well as by assessing the pain syndrome. The safety of the drug was monitored by assessing hematological toxicity in dynamics before and after each cycle. In the study group, 22 patients (84.6 %), and in the control group, 14 patients (93.3 %) received 4 cycles of treatment. The fatal outcome was found in the research group in 3 people (11.5 %), in the control group in 1 patient (6.7 %) with a diagnosis of Covid-19. The general condition of the patients at the time of the fourth treatment cycle was satisfactory, there were no side effects in the form of redness at the injection site, nausea and vomiting.

Results: There was a deviation from the lower limits of normal in the study group in terms of hemoglobin level in 9 patients (35 %), in the control group in 6 patients (40 %), in neutrophil levels in 1 patient in the study group (3.8 %), in platelet level in 6 patients in the study group (23 %), in 5 patients in the control group (33.3 %), in the level of lymphocytes in 6 patients in the study group (23 %), which is associated with the underlying disease. The minimum values ​of the indicators did not require correction.

Conclusions: The first results of therapy with a domestic drug based on radium-223 chloride are comparable with the original drug.

This article describes life and professional path of a prominent Russian scientist-radiobiologist, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR, laureate of the Lenin Prize and twice laureate of the USSR State Prize, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor V.V. Shikhodyrov and is dedicated to the 100^th anniversary of his birth. Biographical and scientific information is supplemented by the author’s personal memories.