卷 46, 编号 4 (2025)

The article dedicated to the 95^th anniversary of E.A. Klimov, an outstanding Soviet and Russian psychologist, examines the scientist’s original ideas in the field of general psychology, methodology of psychological science and its history. The article presents: the author’s interpretation of the mission of general psychology, its place and role in the university training of psychologists; a general psychological classification of actions; a number of methodological provisions important for the empirical study of mental reality; ideas of the organization of psychological science and practice; the author’s understanding of the place of scientific psychology in the system of psychological knowledge as a component of public consciousness, cultural heritage of the people.

The fundamental problem faced by any person when making decisions related to food choices is fin-ding a compromise between a product’s health benefits and its taste. Solving this problem depends on nume-rous factors; however, studies most often highlight the influence of four key variables: impulsivity, self-control level, health attitudes, and taste preferences. Based on these factors, a study was conducted to investigate the associations between impulsivity, self-control level, health attitudes, and taste preferences with food choices in multiple-choice tasks. The study involved 340 participants aged 18 to 60 years (M = 25.1; SD = 8.7), 72.1% of whom were women. The research methods included food multiple-choice questions, open-ended questions to assess temporal discounting, the Brief Self-Control Scale, the Health and Taste Attitude Scales. The results demonstrated a relationship between the health and taste attitude factors and food choice. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the independent roles of the health and taste attitudes as key predictors, only weakly reducible to a single latent factor. The findings underscore the need to account for situational and cognitive aspects in future studies of eating behavior. Measures of impulsivity and self-control did not show a significant effect on food choice and remain statistically distinct constructs in the most adequate model.

Modern culture is developing in the direction of increasing diversity, complexity and uncertainty; in these conditions, the success of adaptation and pre-adaptation of subjects and communities presupposes the support of individual uniqueness, the value of creative self-expression and mass creativity. The studies of creativity are analyzed, highlighting the importance of identifying universal and specific elements in various spheres and levels of creativity, studying the individual uniqueness of cognitive and personal resources of creativity, and their contribution to the subjects’ achievements; variants of integrative and differential psychological approaches to the task are considered. Purpose of the study. The research is aimed to substantiate a typologically focused integrative approach to the study of creativity: to identify universal factors of creative thinking and universal factors of creative personality, taking into account the ratio of innovational and adaptational parameters as a basis for type differentiation; to identify variants of subsequent integration (within types) for universal and specific sociocultural resources of the subjects’ creativity. Results of the study. Based on an analysis of creativity studies across different age, professional, and cultural samples, universal factors of creative thinking (fluency, flexibility, originality, elaboration) and universal factors of creative personality (openness to experience, extraversion, intrinsic motivation, reflection) have been identified. The studies have also identified higher-order factors: structural components of innovational and adaptational factors are considered as the basis for differentiating creativity types. Based on an analysis of integrative approaches to the study of creative thinking and creative personality, variants of integration between universal and specific sociocultural and metacognitive characteristics that determine the specificity of studied age, professional, and cultural samples have been identified. A typologically focused integrative approach is substantiated, which includes: determining the parameters for differentiating creativity types based on an analysis of universal creativity factors of subjects; determining variants of integration between universal and specific sociocultural parameters based on an analysis of specific sociocultural resources of subjects. The typologically focused integrative approach is aimed to identify the resources of mass creativity of subjects in various spheres of professional activity and everyday life, as well as individual resources for the development of creative giftedness.

The article presents a theoretical review of Russian and foreign studies on the phenomenon of digital self-harming behavior among adolescents, carried out in order to analyze this phenomenon and describe the main trends in its existence, expression and development, including a description of the possible typology of its forms. Digital self-harm is a new phenomenon of digital socialization of teenagers, a term that is interpreted as self-harm through the use of various digital platforms. The phenomenon was first described in 2012, is found in 6–15% of the adolescent sample, tends to increase. The total list of publications included in the review was 43 Russian and foreign works. The content of the selected publications allows us to define the phenomenon of digital self-harm, suggest a typology of its forms, and also state its relationship with other types of autodestructive online behavior. The study of this phenomenon in adolescents is a new area of research and has an insufficient number of publications, while digital self-harm can act as a marker of serious limitations in positive functioning and serve as a factor in mental health and well-being disorders among the younger generation.

The paper uses post-non-classical methodology, within the framework of which the studied social objects are considered as systems of different scale of complexity: simple, complex and self-developing. The process of self-development of the system presupposes the author of the project of its development. The formation of this author implies that in his/her culture, as experience is accumulated, preferred types of systems appear, which he/she focuses on when updating the project of the system. These types of systems correlate with the principle “singular–general–universal”, and they can be considered as drifting attractors in the phase space of the self-developing author. Societies considered as self-developing systems represent the social project of generations. Depending on the complexity of the organisation of the collective author of culture (simple, complex, self-developing system), the types of social organisation of the society of increasing complexity are singled out: nations, multinational states, civilisations. Civilisations represent a socio-cultural historical project, the authors of which already have in their culture the experience of integration of complex social systems. The evolution of civilisations does not stop there, they enter into interaction with other civilisations, creating unions of civilisations. Taking into account that the planet is a closed social world, we can also speak of a global civilisation, which also goes through its own stages of development. Individual civilisations can have attractors of the phase space of self-development at any point. The attractor of global civilisation is the pole of the “universal” author, which makes it possible to ensure further self-development of humanity as a whole as a single subject. At the same time, the trajectory of humanity’s evolution is a chaotic attractor, when civilisations in the process of interactions test various forms of their unions in search of the most optimal in the given historical conditions.

The problem of turning to the moral basis of a person’s socio-cultural experience, traditional humanistic values in relations with the modern multicultural world is posed. Theoretical models of prediction and determination of forgiveness (readiness to forgive, lack of rumination) in the interethnic and intra-ethnic interaction of individuals with different ethno-linguistic status have been constructed. Respondents: N = 249, citizens of the Russian Federation (105 – Slavic group, 71 – Finno-Ugric group), citizens of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan (73 – Turkic group). The results were processed using the Kraskel–Wallis H-test, the Mann–Whitney U-test, multiple regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. Regression equations have been built to predict forgiveness with the identification of complexes of predictors and determinants in a situation of interethnic and intra-ethnic interaction. The maximum effects of personal and communicative-behavioral determinants of forgiveness and readiness to forgive in the interaction with “insiders” and “outsiders” have been established cultural and environmental (cultural values of equality and social justice) predictors of the readiness of forgiveness of “others”, socio-demographic (ethno-linguistic status) predictors of the readiness to forgive of “insiders” have been identified. Along with the correlation of “outsiders” with a positive ethnic identity, there is a correlation between the readiness to forgive and ethnic indifference in the interaction with the dominant ethnic group. The results of the study are of practical importance in predicting interethnic relations at the regional (national-territorial formations of the Russian Federation) and international (friendly states of Central Asia) levels.

The relevance of the research is determined by the need to develop a methodology for using artificial intelligence systems to expand human capabilities, in particular, in relation to solving problems of classifying qualitative data based on the use of Large Language Models (LLM). The purpose of the research described in this 1st article (a 2-part cycle) was to present a methodological approach that implements the use of large language models to classify individual verbal predictions about possible and impossible events in the future. Chinese participants (n = 149 gave 447 predictions) generated descriptions of events using the Wenciuxin (SoJump) system according to the specified three conditions: possible – improbable – impossible. The resulting corpus of open responses in Chinese was analyzed using five modern LLMs: GPT-4, Claude 3.5, Qwen 2.5-72B, Gemini Pro 1.5, and Llama 3.1-70B. After the training procedure, each model was assigned to analyze the responses based on several semantic parameters. An analysis of the responses of five large language models (Claude 3.5 Sonnet, GPT-4, Gemini Pro, LLaMA 3, and Qwen) revealed both significant similarities and noticeable differences in their approaches to analyzing verbal predictions (Chinese study participants). The integrative meta-model synthesized the results into a single heading, which allowed reliability testing within each model and comparative analysis between models. The revealed differences in the analytical approaches implemented by the models indicate that, although these models have common capabilities in identifying the main themes and patterns of semantic units represented in the participants’ verbal forecasts, they demonstrate different strengths in the aspects of text analysis they identify, which significantly expands the capabilities of a research psychologist. The obtained high reliability indicators (consistency between and within the models) indicate the potential of artificial intelligence technologies in applied scientific activities in the field of “mixed” methods.

The article offers an analysis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the scientific heritage of B.D. Parygin, on the occasion of the 95-th anniversary of his birth. It reveals the “lines of succession”, the historical and conceptual connections of Parygins’ work with the Russian tradition of social and humanitarian science, traced from the last third of the 19-th century. This is expressed, on the one hand, in the interdisciplinary nature of his approach, integrating psychological developments with sociological and philosophical ones, and, on the other hand, in a special emphasis on the creative spiritual potential of the individual, the understanding of which requires going beyond the logic of determinism from the side of the social context, recognizing the human transformative possibilities in relation to the surrounding world. These features are highly relevant in the context of contemporary challenges associated with radical changes in society, which in social theory have been generalized under the terms “morphogenetic society” and “neo-structuring”, emphasizing the dependence of the evolution of social systems not only on institutionally defined patterns, but also through individual agency, that is, the ability to transform the environment in a direction not determined by social structures. The prospects for applying Parygins’ ideas for topical discussions in the field of labor and education are shown.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the work of Yu.N. Oleinik and A.L. Zhuravlev “Scientific Traditions as a Mechanism of Continuity of Psychological Knowledge” (parts I and II). As a basis for the transmission of psychological knowledge, the authors consider the process of transferring scientific knowledge from one historical era to another. Thus, scientific traditions of psychology are considered both in the context of continuity and innovation, which implies the step-by-step development of psychology in traditional-historical terms. In order to confirm the relevance and significance of the work under consideration, this article presents a historically oriented analysis from the point of view of the development of traditional continuity based on the works of such famous scientists as I.P. Pavlov, V. Wundt, V.M. Bekhterev, A.N. Leontiev, S.L. Rubinstein. At the end of the article, it is concluded that scientific traditions are a reflection of the unity of continuity and innovation in the development of psychology based on the creation of research programs, scientific schools, collectively considered as a social basis for traditional-historical intergenerational continuity.

The article, prepared as a discussion of the publication by Yu.N. Oleinik and A.L. Zhuravlev, provides an analysis of the main provisions and ideas proposed by the authors in the article. It is proposed to consider tradition as the most important component of the intra-scientific factor in the development of psychological know-ledge. The relevance and timeliness of posing and discussing the problem of continuity of scientific knowledge in the context of modern developments in the history of psychology is emphasized. Insufficient theoretical deve-lopment of the concepts of “tradition” and “continuity” is noted. The theoretical scheme for identifying, recor-ding and structuring scientific traditions proposed by the authors is analyzed and its advantages are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the interaction of scientific schools and traditions as mechanisms for transmitting knowledge, differences in the methods of scientific transmission and institutional forms of continuity. In conclusion, the need for further research of scientific traditions is emphasized, taking into account the socio-cultural, political-ideological and mental conditions of their formation and existence.

The Eighth International Scientific and Practical Conference entitled “Current Problems of Mass Consciousness Research” was held on March 21–22, 2025, becoming an important event in the scientific community. The organizers of this forum were Penza State University and Kostanay Regional University named after A. Baitursynov (Kazakhstan). To ensure maximum coverage of stakeholders and ease of participation, the conference was organized in a hybrid format, combining both in-person attendance and the ability to connect online. Technical support for online sessions was provided by the KonturTolk video conferencing service. During the conference, participants were able to discuss in detail key issues related to the vast and complex problematic field of mass consciousness, with special emphasis on the study of the multi-level nature and internal inconsistency of this social phenomenon. The fruitful work of the conference resulted in a published collection of materials, which included a wide range of studies conducted by modern psychologists in the field of psychology of mass consciousness.