Anatomical, physiological and pathophysiological features of the lower urinary tract in gender and age aspects

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Abstract

In the review article, based on the results of modern clinical and experimental studies, gender and age-related features of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of the lower urinary tract are considered. The features of the structure and functioning of the urothelium, myothelium, neurothelium and endothelium of the lower urinary tract in men and women are described in detail. A separate section of the review is devoted to the peculiarities of hormonal regulation of the lower urinary tract, depending on gender and age.

About the authors

Igor S. Shormanov

Yaroslavl State Medical University

Author for correspondence.
Email: i-s-shormanov@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2062-0421
SPIN-code: 7772-8420
Scopus Author ID: 6507085029

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Head of the Department of Urology and Nephrology

Russian Federation, 5, Revolyutsionnaya str., 150000, Yaroslavl

Andrey S. Solovyov

Yaroslavl State Medical University

Email: a-s-soloviev89@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5612-3227

Сand. Sci. (Med.)

Russian Federation, 5, Revolyutsionnaya str., 150000, Yaroslavl

Igor A. Tyuzikov

Medical Center “Tandem-Plus”

Email: phoenix-67@list.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6316-9020
SPIN-code: 3026-1218

Cand. Sci. (Med.), urologist

Russian Federation, Yaroslavl

Sergey V. Kulikov

Yaroslavl State Medical University

Email: kulikov268@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3331-8555
SPIN-code: 8894-6060

Dr. Sci. (Med.), Associate Professor

Russian Federation, 5, Revolyutsionnaya str., 150000, Yaroslavl

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2. Fig. 1. A hypothetical model of interactions between urothelial cells (urothelium), afferent and efferent nerve endings (neurothelium), vessels (endothelium), smooth muscle cells and myofibroblasts of the lower urinary tract [10, 11]. NO – nitrogen oxide; AдР – adrenergic receptor; ATФ – adenosine triphosphate; AЦХ – acetylcholine; Бр – bradykinin receptor; ГКД – detrusor smooth muscle cell; МР – muscarinic receptor; НикР – nicotinic receptor; HP – neurokinin receptor; НЭ – norepinephrine; П2Р – purinergic receptor subtype 2; П2X and П2Y – purinergic receptors of the X and Y subtypes; ПГ – prostaglandins; СП – substance R; ТирКР – tyrosine kinase receptor with high affinity for nerve growth factor; TРПК – transit receptor of potential channels; ФРН – nerve growth factor

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3. Fig. 2. Scheme of the relationship between endothelial dysfunction and lower urinary tract dysfunction in men [76]

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4. Fig. 3. Gender characteristics of the pathogenesis of muscle pain [89]. TRPV1 – transient receptor potential of vanilloid type 1; P2X3 – type 3 adenosine receptor; Р2Х5 – type 5 adenosine receptor; ASIC3 – type 3 acid-sensitive ion channel

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

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2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».