The variability of the flatfoot frequency depending on the diagnostic criteria and the method of statistical analysis
- 作者: Kenis V.M.1, Dimitrieva A.J.2, Sapogovskiy A.V.1
-
隶属关系:
- The Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics
- North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
- 期: 卷 7, 编号 2 (2019)
- 页面: 41-50
- 栏目: Original Study Article
- URL: https://bakhtiniada.ru/turner/article/view/11506
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/PTORS7241-50
- ID: 11506
如何引用文章
详细
Background. Flatfoot frequency in children varies from 0.6% to 77.9%. This wide-range data is associated with lack of uniform diagnostic criteria and method of statistical analysis.
Aim. This study aimed to demonstrate the variability in flatfoot frequency in the same population using different indices of footprint and methods of statistical analysis.
Material and methods. This study included 317 school-age children. Children with orthopedic and foot pathology were excluded. The main evaluation methods were clinical examination, computer plantography with footprint index calculation (Staheli index, Chippaux–Smirak index, Clarke’s angle, podometric index, arch height index), and statistical analysis (descriptive statistics methods with Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Shapiro–Wilk criteria, data definition according to the law of normal distribution with standard deviation and quartile assessment).
Results. According to the law of normal distribution (with a double standard deviation), our study demonstrated that the flatfoot frequency using the plantar footprint indices varies from 1.6% to 4.8% in 7–17-year-old children and using the medial footprint indices, from 1.28% to 2.8% in the same age. Quartile assessment method showed a flatfoot frequency of 5.85%–28.33% with plantar foot indices and 5.7%–15.43% with medial footprint indices.
Conclusion. The different plantographic indices and methods of statistical analysis demonstrated that the frequency of a flattened longitudinal arch of the feet in a population may differ significantly. Thus, the frequency of flatfoot determined on the basis of indices calculated on the medial footprint is 1.7–1.8 times lower than that determined on the plantar footprint. In addition, the frequency of flatfoot is 5.5–5.9 times lower than that determined by the quartile assessment.
作者简介
Vladimir Kenis
The Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics
Email: kenis@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7651-8485
SPIN 代码: 5597-8832
Scopus 作者 ID: 341189
MD, PhD, D.Sc., Deputy Director for Development and International Relations, Head of the Department of Foot Pathology, Neuroorthopedics and Systemic Diseases
俄罗斯联邦, 64, Parkovaya str., Saint-Petersburg, Pushkin, 196603Alyona Dimitrieva
North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov
编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: aloyna17@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3610-7788
SPIN 代码: 7112-8638
Scopus 作者 ID: 1026726
PhD Student of Chair of Traumatology and Orthopedics for Children
俄罗斯联邦, 41, Kirochnaya street, Saint-Petersburg, 191015Andrei Sapogovskiy
The Turner Scientific Research Institute for Children’s Orthopedics
Email: sapogovskiy@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5762-4477
SPIN 代码: 2068-2102
Scopus 作者 ID: 808611
MD, PhD, Senior Research Associate of the Department of Foot Pathology, Neuroorthopedics and Systemic Diseases
俄罗斯联邦, 64, Parkovaya str., Saint-Petersburg, Pushkin, 196603参考
- Evans AM. The paediatric flat foot and general anthropometry in 140 Australian school children aged 7–10 years. J Foot Ankle Res. 2011;4(1):12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1757-1146-4-12.
- Кенис В.М., Лапкин Ю.А., Хусаинов Р.Х., Сапоговский А.В. Мобильное плоскостопие у детей (обзор литературы) // Ортопедия, травматология и восстановительная хирургия детского возраста. – 2014. – Т. 2. – № 2. – С. 44–54. [Kenis VM, Lapkin YA, Khusainov RKh, Sapogovskiy AV. Mobil’noe ploskostopie u detey (obzor literatury). Pediatric traumatology, orthopaedics and reconstructive surgery. 2014;2(2):44-54. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.17816/ptors2244-54.
- Nemeth B. The diagnosis and management of common childhood orthopedic disorders. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2011;41(1):2-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2010.10.004.
- Перепелкин А.И., Мандриков В.Б., Краюшкин А.И., Атрощенко Е.С. К вопросу о формировании продольного свода стопы у детей // Волгоградский научно-медицинский журнал. – 2016. – № 1. – С. 32–36. [Perepelkin AI, Mandrikov VB, Krayushkin AI, Atroshchenko ES. To the question of the formation of the longitudinal arch of the foot in children. Volgogradskiy nauchno-meditsinskiy zhurnal. 2016;(1):32-36. (In Russ.)]
- Sadeghi-Demneh E, Azadinia F, Jafarian F, et al. Flatfoot and obesity in school-age children: a cross-sectional study. Clin Obes. 2016;6(1):42-50. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12125.
- Banwell HA, Paris ME, Mackintosh S, Williams CM. Paediatric flexible flat foot: how are we measuring it and are we getting it right? A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2018;11:21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-018-0264-3.
- Didia BC, Omu ET, Obuoforibo AA. The use of footprint contact index ii for classification of flat feet in a Nigerian population. Foot Ankle. 2016;7(5):285-289. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110078700700504.
- Gould N, Moreland M, Alvarez R, et al. Development of the child’s arch. Foot Ankle. 2016;9(5):241-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/107110078900900506.
- Uden H, Scharfbillig R, Causby R. The typically developing paediatric foot: how flat should it be? A systematic review. J Foot Ankle Res. 2017;10(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13047-017-0218-1.
- Weimar WH, Shroyer JF. Arch height index normative values of college-aged women using the arch height index measurement system. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2013;103(3):213-217. https://doi.org/10.7547/1030213.
- Chang CH, Chen YC, Yang WT, et al. Flatfoot diagnosis by a unique bimodal distribution of footprint index in children. PLoS One. 2014;9(12):e115808. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0115808.
- Ezema CI, Abaraogu UO, Okafor GO. Flat foot and associated factors among primary school children: A cross-sectional study. Hong Kong Physio J. 2014;32(1):13-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hkpj.2013.05.001.
- Staheli LT, Chew DE, Corbett M. The longitudinal arch. A survey of eight hundred and eighty-two feet in normal children and adults. J Bone Joint Surg. 1987;69(3):426-428. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198769030-00014.
- Chen KC, Yeh CJ, Kuo JF, et al. Footprint analysis of flatfoot in preschool-aged children. Eur J Pediatr. 2011;170(5):611-617. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-010-1330-4.
- Pauk J, Szymul J. Differences in pediatric vertical ground reaction force between planovalgus and neutrally aligned feet. Acta Bioeng Biomech. 2014;16(2):95-101.
- Galli M, Cimolin V, Rigoldi C, et al. The effects of low arched feet on foot rotation during gait in children with Down syndrome. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2014;58(8):758-764. https://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12087.
- Galli M, Cimolin V, Pau M, et al. Foot pressure distribution in children with cerebral palsy while standing. Res Dev Disabil. 2015;41-42:52-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2015.05.006.
- Яременко Д.А. Диагностика и классификация статических деформаций стоп // Ортопедия, травматология и протезирование. – 1985. – № 11. – С. 59–67. [Yaremenko DA. Diagnostika i klassifikatsiya staticheskikh deformatsiy stop. Ortop Travmatol Protez. 1985;(11):59-67. (In Russ.)]
- Drefus LC, Kedem P, Mangan SM, et al. Reliability of the arch height index as a measure of foot structure in children. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2017;29(1):83-88. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEP.0000000000000337.
- Nikolaidou ME, Boudolos KD. A footprint-based approach for the rational classification of foot types in young schoolchildren. Foot. 2006;16(2):82-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2006.02.001.
- Stavlas P, Grivas TB, Michas C, et al. The evolution of foot morphology in children between 6 and 17 years of age: a cross-sectional study based on footprints in a Mediterranean population. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2005;44(6):424-428. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.jfas.2005.07.023.
- Abolarin T, Aiyegbusi A, Tella A, Akinbo S. Predictive factors for flatfoot: The role of age and footwear in children in urban and rural communities in South West Nigeria. Foot (Edinb). 2011;21(4):188-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2011.07.002.
- García-Rodríguez A, Martín-Jiménez F, Carnero-Varo M, et al. Flexible flat feet in children: a real problem? Pediatrics. 1999;103(6):e84-e84. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.6.e84.
- Hernandez AJ, Kimura LK, Laraya MHF, Fávaro E. Cálculo do índice do arco plantar de staheli e a prevalência de pés planos: estudo em 100 crianças entre 5 e 9 anos de idade. Acta Ortop Bras. 2007;15(2):68-71. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-78522007000200001.
- Cavanagh PR, Rodgers MM. The arch index: A useful measure from footprints. J Biomech.1987; 20(5):547-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(87)90255-7.
- Echarri JJ, Forriol F. The development in footprint morphology in 1851 Congolese children from urban and rural areas, and the relationship between this and wearing shoes. J Pediatr Orthop B. 2003;12(2):141-146. https://doi.org/10.1097/00009957-200303000-00012.
- Pfeiffer M, Kotz R, Ledl T, et al. Prevalence of flat foot in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics. 2006;118(2):634-639. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-2126.
- Clarke HH. An objective method of measuring the height of the longitudinal arch in foot examinations. Res Q Am Phys Educ Assoc. 1933;4(3):99-107.
补充文件
