“Old” and current antimalarial drugs, mechanism of action, significance of fever and therapeutic hyperthermia

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Abstract

It is reported that according to WHO report (2020), more than 229 million people in 87 countries have malaria despite the use of antimalarial drugs. Moreover, modern combination therapy cannot exclude this disease either. The fact is that malaria pathogens, as well as pathogens of other infectious diseases, gradually acquire resistance to anti-infective drugs. And such resistance of parasites to antimalarial drugs increases with increasing duration of use of these drugs in the community. In other words, antimalarial drugs used in the treatment and prevention of malaria are not only factors in the treatment and prevention of malaria, but gradually acquire the role of factors affecting the “natural” selection of pathogens. It is with the help of applied antimalarial drugs that parasites gradually adapt to existence in the organism of malaria patients, trying to survive despite the availability of drugs. It is shown that the intensity of mutations of malaria pathogens in their population, parasite load, choice of antimalarial drugs, accounting and control of antimalarial activity of the drugs used, the effectiveness and safety of the drugs used, their single and course doses, the effectiveness of individual course antimalarial therapy and control of drug-parasite interaction are the main factors in the effectiveness of treatment and prevention of malaria, as well as the factors of drug resistance of parasites. The review reiterates the importance of knowledge of the basic metabolism and life cycle of both parasite and host in understanding the mechanism of drug action and drug resistance in parasites. This knowledge is very important for the selection of new drug targets for the search and development of new antimalarial drugs. It is reported that fever, diurnal rhythm of body temperature, and therapeutic hyperthermia are not only factors in preventing infection, keeping patients healthy, and the course of malaria, but also factors in the mechanism of action of antimalarial drugs, the efficacy of drug therapy for infection, and the resistance of malaria pathogens to antimalarial drugs.

About the authors

Johra Khan

Majmaah University

Email: j.khan@mu.edu.sa
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0044-4758
Saudi Arabia, Al Majmaah

Mithun Rudrapal

School of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences Vignan’s Foundation for Science, Technology & Research

Email: drmr_pharma@vignan.ac.in
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8172-6633

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

India, Vadlamudi, Guntur

Aleksandr L. Urakov

Izhevsk State Medical Academy

Author for correspondence.
Email: urakoval@live.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9829-9463
SPIN-code: 1613-9660

MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor

Russian Federation, Izhevsk

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Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».