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Vol 525, No 1 (2025)
- Year: 2025
- Published: 15.11.2025
- Articles: 20
- URL: https://bakhtiniada.ru/2686-7397/issue/view/24811
GEOLOGY
CARBONIFEROUS AND PERMIAN GRANITOIDS FROM TERRIGENOUS SEDIMENTS IN JUNCTION ZONE OF THE GAKKEL RIDGE WITH THE LAPTEV SEA CONTINENTAL MARGIN OF EURASIA: COMPOSITION AFFINITIES, AGE SUBSTANTIATION AND POSSIBLE SOURCES
Abstract
The article presents the results of petro-geochemical and geochronological studies of granitoid fragments collected in terrigenous sediments in the junction zone of the Gakkel Ridge with the Laptev Sea continental margin of Eurasia during the special marine geological expedition “Arctic-2022”. The Carboniferous-Permian age of the granitoids and the maximum proximity of their composition to the granitoids of Northern Taimyr were established. The sources of the studied rocks in the immediate continental frame of the Gakkel Ridge and the Laptev Sea could be granitoids that participate in the structure of the fold belts of Northern Taimyr and Severnaya Zemlya.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):5–17
5–17
AGE AND TECTONIC SETTING OF VOLCANIC ROCKS OF THE OLOV BASIN OF THE WEST TRANSBAIKAL RIFT SYSTEM
Abstract
Geochemical and geochronological (U–Pb zircon method, ID-TIMS) studies of volcanic rocks of the Olov basin of the West Transbaikal Rift System within the western part of the West Stanovoy Superterrane of the Central Asian Fold Belt were performed. It was established that the age of volcanics of this basin is in the range of 178±5–177±5 Ma. Taking into account the results of earlier studies, this indicates the manifestation of two pulses of continental volcanism (Early Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous) in different geodynamic settings in this region. The first pulse was revealed exclusively in the Olov basin, localized in the influence zone of the Mongol-Okhotsk suture, and is represented by differentiated basaltic trachyandesite-trachyandesite- trachyrhyolite association of the adakite type, formed in a collisional geodynamic setting. The second is represented by a bimodal basaltic trachyandesite-trachyrhyolite association, the formation of which occurred under conditions of post-collisional continental rifting. The collision event is most likely associated with the closure of the central segment of the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean and the collision of the continental masses of the North Asian and Sino-Korean continents at the turn of ~175 million years. The subsequent collapse of the collisional orogen was accompanied by large-scale lithospheric extension and rifting of Early Cretaceous age (~140 million years).
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):18–28
18–28
NEW DATA ON THE AGE OF VOLCANIC FORMATIONS OF MATUA ISLAND (CENTRAL KURIL ISLANDS) BASED ON K–Ar DATING RESULTS
Abstract
The first isotope-geochronological studies of rocks from Matua Island (Central Kuril Islands) are presented. These rocks, found at the base of the Neopleistocene-Holocene volcanic edifice, belong to the earliest stages of magmatic activity. Based on K–Ar dating, 9 age values ranging from 3.9 to 1.02 million years were obtained for rocks from the Yurlovskaya and Dvoynaya formations. The Yurlovskaya suite was formed within the age range from the Middle Pliocene to the Gelasian (3.9±0.3–2.02±0.13 million years ago), while the Dvoynaya suite was formed during the Gelasian Age (2.09±0.14 million years ago). The formation of the extrusive dome of Mount Kruglaya and the subvolcanic body of Skala Krepost' (Ainu Bay) occurred 1.02±0.13 and 1.08±0.15 million years ago, respectively.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):29–35
29–35
GEOLOGY OF ORE DEPOSITS
LEAD ISOTOPE SIGN OF THE MANTLE CONTRIBUTION IN TIN ORE DEPOSITS (BY THE EXAMPLE OF KHINGAN-BADJAL-KOMSOMOL BELT, FAR EAST RUSSIA)
Abstract
Using the high-precision (±0.02%) MC-ICP-MS method, the lead isotopic composition of galena from four Late Cretaceous (95–85 Ma) tin ore deposits of the Khingan-Bajal-Komsomolskaya metallogenic zone (KhBKZ), which is part of the Khingan-Sikhote-Alin ore province (KhSAP), was studied. In comparison with other previously studied KhSAP tin deposits, the KhSAP ore lead has lower isotopic ratios ranging as 206Pb/204Pb = 18.359–18.497, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.565–15.588, and 208Pb/204Pb = 38.369–38.404. In the 206Pb/204Pb–207Pb/204Pb diagram, the points of the KhBKZ lead isotopic compositions of the are located significantly below of orogenic evolution curve (according to the Zartman-Doe model) and the average crustal curve (µ2 = 9.74) according to the Stacey-Kramers model. According to these evolutionary characteristics, as well as the values of the Th/U parameter and the Tm model age, the KhBKZ ore lead differs from KhCAP lead, indicating a significant difference in the geochemical and geodynamic conditions of the KhBKZ deposits formation. In particular, it indicates a limited contribution of the continental crust, a significant role of mantle lead origin and the participation of a regional mantle source in the formation of tin-bearing granitoid magmas. Model calculations of the lead balance of mantle and crustal sources in the ore lead of KhCAP and KhBKZ show that for KhCAP the contribution of the mantle source was less than 50%, and, in the case of KhBKZ, it could reach 70–90%. Perhaps the main geological factor that caused the noticeable participation of mantle lead in the KhBKZ deposits was the environment of their formation: unlike the KhCAP, these deposits were formed in the environment of a transform margin, when due to the interaction of moving plates, a larger admission of mantle into the zone of granite formation and ore deposition occurred. Under these conditions, the oceanic plate could breakaway with the admission of the hot asthenosphere into the accretion prism.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):36–47
36–47
GEOCHEMISTRY
GRANITES OF THE MIDDLE JURASSIC ARIADNE ULTRABASITE-BASITE INTRUSION IN THE JURASSIC ACCRETION PRISM (SIKHOTE-ALIN, RUSSIA)
Abstract
The first geochronological and petrogeochemical data on the Middle Jurassic granites of the metalliferous Ariadna ultrabasic-basite intrusion of the Sikhote-Alin orogenic belt are presented. These granites with U–Pb zircon ages of 165.2±1.1 and 165.48±1.1 million years are highly differentiated A-type rocks formed as a result of melting of terrigenous rocks during the introduction of an ultrabasite-basite OIB melt into an accretion prism. The results obtained confirm the hypothesis of a possible rise of asthenospheric material from under a sinking oceanic plate in an unusual geodynamic setting.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):48–55
48–55
THERMAL STATE OF THE LITHOSPHERIC MANTLE BENEATH THE BIREKTE TERRAIN: RECONSTRUCTIONS BASED ON THE STUDY OF XENOCRYSTS FROM DIFFERENT-AGED KIMBERLITES OF THE YAKUTIAN KIMBERLITE PROVINCE
Abstract
The study presents the results of an investigation of clinopyroxene xenocrysts collected from the heavy fraction concentrate of kimberlite of the Ivushka pipe (Toluopka field) and Anomaly 75/90 (Molodo field), located within the Birekte terrane of the Siberian craton. The composition of clinopyroxenes from the Ivushka pipe indicate the presence of high-temperature rocks (megacryst assemblage or sheared lherzolites) in the lower part of the lithospheric mantle (LM), which is consistent with the results obtained from garnet xenocrysts. In contrast, clinopyroxene xenocrysts potentially belonging to the megacryst assemblage (or high-temperature lherzolites) are virtually absent in the samples from Anomaly 75/90. A preliminary reconstruction of the thermal state of the LM was conducted using clinopyroxene single-crystal thermobarometry. The results demonstrate that the LM was relatively thick across the Siberian Craton during the Paleozoic epoch of kimberlite magmatism. However, a slight decrease in thickness was observed from the central part (Mirny field – 260 km) toward the northern part of the craton (Upper Muna field – 230 km and Toluopka field – 215 km).
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):56–64
56–64
CONCENTRATIONS AND COMPOSITION OF HYDROCARBONS IN ICE AND SURFACE MICROLAYER OF THE BARENTS AND KARA SEAS IN JULY–AUGUST 2024
Abstract
The paper presents data on the concentrations and composition of hydrocarbons (aliphatic hydrocarbons – АНС and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – РАН) in ice, surface microlayer (SML, up to 1000 μm thick) and surface waters in the Barents and Кага Seas (cruise 96 of the R/V Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, July–August 2024). Due to the water content of the ice, only a slight accumulation of hydrocarbons occurs compared to surface waters and compared to the SML. As before, the influence of autochthonous processes on the composition of alkanes in ice and SML is insignificant and differs from their composition in multi-year ice. Despite the different sources of these hydrocarbon classes, a dependence in the distribution of АНС and РАН in suspension in the SML was observed for all the samples collected (r = 0.67, p = 0.05).
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):65-70
65-70
SOME FEATURES OF THE EVOLUTION OF THE BULK CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF CLAY ROCKS OF THE UPPER PRECAMBRIAN SEDIMENTATION SERIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SOUTHERN URALS)
Abstract
The article presents the results of a study of some general features of the evolution of the bulk chemical composition of clay rocks of the Upper Precambrian sedimentary series of the Southern Urals, allowing us to judge the composition of the source rocks of the aluminosilicoclastics that compose them (ln(Ni/Co) and ln(Th/Sc) values) and the paleogeodynamic settings of formation (DF1 and DF2 discriminant functions). The resulting conclusions are compared with ideas about the formation of the named series, based on general geological data and an analysis of the formational nature of volcanics known at a number of levels of the Riphean stratotype. In the last few decades, most experts believe that the Yurmatau and Karatau or Burzyan and Yurmatau groups are rift-depression/platform series. This suggests that the formation of the sedimentary units that compose them was subject to similar patterns and should be reflected in the lithogeochemical characteristics of the latter. We have shown that in terms of “lithochemistry of fine-grained elastic rocks–paleogeodynamics”, the architecture of the Upper Precambrian sedimentary series of the Southern Urals appears to be largely diverse. The observed trends in the change in the bulk chemical composition of clay rocks within each series in the DF1–DF2 diagram are in most cases not comparable with the model trend “sedimentary formations of rift settings → the same of platform settings”. In the ln(Ni/Co)—ln(Th/Sc) diagram, the clay rocks of the sedimentary series are characterized by trends in the change in the bulk chemical composition of two types. Moreover, each sedimentary series is unique in the above parameters. Thus, the features of the bulk chemical composition of clay rocks determined by the composition of the provenances do not have the same trends in changing from the bottom up along the sedimentary series. Apparently, all of the above indicates a significant role in the formation of sedimentary filling of the Early, Middle and Late Riphean, as well as Vendian, sedimentation basins of the Southern Urals not only of paleogeodynamics and the composition of the provenances, but also of many (?) local factors.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):71-80
71-80
BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES DEVELOPMENT IN CONDITIONS OF POLLUTION REDUCTION OF THE ARCTIC LAKE IMANDRA
Abstract
The article provides a characteristic of changes in the biogeochemical parameters of the Arctic Lake Imandra in a long-term series of observations. It is proven that along with a decrease in metal concentrations, the lake is becoming eutrophicated. The biogeochemical cycle of metals is considered due to the oxidation of organic matter and the development of the redox cycle, which leads to the formation of high concentrations of metals in the surface layers of bottom sediments despite a decrease in the influx of polluted wastewater. A conclusion is made about the effects of secondary pollution of the bottom layers of water and the occurrence of diagenesis processes in technogenic sludge.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):81–90
81–90
NUMERICAL THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF THE FLUID SYSTEM H2O–LiCl–CaCl2 IN THE TEMPERATURE RANGE FROM –77 TO +50°C
Abstract
A numerical thermodynamic model of the fluid system H2O–LiCl–CaCl2 is proposed for the temperature range from –77 to +50°C, employing newly derived temperature-dependent parameters for the interactions of Li, Ca, Cl ions and the corresponding solubility product constants within the Pitzer approach. Based on this model, a phase diagram was constructed that includes the calculated eutectic point E'' and peritectic points P1'', P2'', P3'', P4'', P5'' in the ternary system H2O–LiCl–CaCl2, as well as various phase boundaries of crystalline hydrates with their figurative points. The diagram also presents the calculated eutectic point E and peritectic point P for the binary H2O–CaCl2 system, and the eutectic point E' and peritectic points P1', P2', P3' for the binary H2O–LiCl system. The model-predicted eutectic and peritectic characteristics in the binary subsystems, along with the solubilities of solid phases (salt hydrates), show good agreement with experimental data.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):91–100
91–100
PETROLOGY
EARLY MESOZOIC VOLCANIC ACTIVITY IN THE ORKHON DEPRESSION SYSTEM (NORTHERN MONGOLIA): INSIGHTS INTO CORRELATION WITH THE ERDENET Cu–Mo DEPOSIT
Abstract
In the Northern Mongolia major Early Mesozoic magmatic events are the formation of large Cu–Mo Erdenet deposits and volcanic activity in the Orkhon depression system. Even though they are spatially related, their temporal and genetic comparison have not been determined yet. This paper focuses on geochronological and geochemical studies of volcanic rocks of the Mogod Formation from three depressions (Mogod, the Khushig-Und-Er and Bugat) and data correlation with igneous rocks from Cu–Mo Erdenet deposit. The Mogod Formation mainly consists of basaltic trachyandesites and trachyandesites with subordinate trachytes. The age of volcanism was estimated using the U–Pb_CA ID TIMS method on zircon from trachytes of the Bugat depression (236±1 Ma) and the 40Ar–39Ar method on amphibole from basaltic trachyandesites of the Khushig-Und-Er (230±6 Ma) and the Mogod (233±4 Ma) depressions. The obtained age interval coincides with the final stage of ore-bearing porphyry magmatism of the Erdenet deposit, located on the edge of the Bugat depression. Geochemical comparison of the Mogod Formation and the porphyry complex revealed common signatures from both basic and acid rocks, such as the depletion of HREE, Nb, Ta and Ti, as well as the significant enrichment of Ba, LREE and Sr. The obtained geological, geochronological and geochemical data allow us to conclude that the Cu–Mo magmatism responsible for ore formation and the widespread volcanism of the Mogod Formation are the result of common magmatic event.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):101-109
101-109
MINERALOGY
TWO GENERATIONS OF CLINOPYROXENE PHENOCRYSTS IN GAUSSBERG VOLCANO LAMPROITES (E. ANTARCTICA)
Abstract
Study of the morphological features and chemical composition of the ultra-alkaline melts from the Gaussberg volcano (East Antarctica) revealed the two generations of clinopyroxene phenocrysts. These two groups of clinopyroxenes show distinct genetical trends that could not appear during the fractional crystallization. The first group (I) consists of high magnesium (Mg# 79–92) diopside. The second group (II) consists from more ferrous clinopyroxene grains (Mg# 59–69) (“green cores”), which are usually partly resorbed and often have zonal composition. The Groupe I differs from the Group II in its higher contents of Ti, Cr, Ni and lower contents of Fe и Al. The characteristics of the natural samples were compared to the run products of the crystallization experiments with the Gaussberg ultrapotassic melt. Based on these observations, it is proposed that the Group I (magnesian) is in equilibrium with the lamproitic melts, whereas ferrous Group II may be the relicts of clinopyroxene grains formed from the different, probably earlier portions of magma. This suggests a multistage activation of melting and associated crystallization processes in the magmatic system of the Gaussberg volcano and possible heterogeneity of a magma source.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):110–117
110–117
GEOPHYSICS
DISTURBANCE OF GEOPHYSICAL FIELDS DURING A STRONG EARTHQUAKE IN MYANMAR ON MARCH 28, 2025 (M = 7.7)
Abstract
We present the results of instrumental observations of geophysical effects that accompanied the catastrophic earthquake in Myanmar on March 28, 2025. It is shown that the seismic event was accompanied by the generation of an infrasound signal and variations in the amplitudes of the magnetic and electric fields in the surface atmosphere. It is also shown that the earthquake caused an increase in the GPS positioning error at a significant distance from the source of the event. We demonstrate the ionospheric effect of the earthquake in the form of a variation in the critical frequency of the F2 layer of the ionosphere based on the results of processing the data from the Okinawa ionospheric sounding station. The data obtained once again demonstrate the close interaction in the lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere system in the form of the influence of processes occurring in the lithosphere on the atmosphere and ionosphere.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):118–126
118–126
POSTGLACITAL MOTIONS AND GRAVITY FIELD VARIATIONS WITHIN THE BALTIC SHIELD
Abstract
The vertical crustal displacements and temporal variations of the gravity field within the Baltic Shield are considered based on a joint analysis of observations from global navigation satellite systems and data from the GRACE/ GRACE-FO satellite missions. An increased rate of gravity anomalies variations versus crustal uplift rate is noted in the zone of junction of the Baltic Shield with the Russian Plate compared to the central part of Scandinavia. This feature is associated with the difference in geodynamic settings: a band of lateral compression in the junction zone, as opposed to extension in the central region of the Scandinavian Peninsula. For excess gravity anomalies, quantitative estimates are proposed based on the modeled lateral compression of the lithospheric layer in accordance with the horizontal velocities of the Earth’s surface motions based on available GNSS data.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):127–134
127–134
SEISMOLOGY
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL CRUSTAL EARTHQUAKE SOURCE ZONES IN THE REPUBLIC OF THE UNION OF MYANMAR: A NEW METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH BASED ON RELIEF ANALYSIS AND COMPUTER GEODYNAMIC MODELING
Abstract
A new methodological approach to the potential earthquake source locations (PESL) zones in the Earth’s crust, tested on the territory of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, is proposed. It involves processing morphometric relief parameters related to seismicity in the best possible way using the method of equivalent gradations or using the fuzzy logic apparatus. The integral morphometric index (neotectonic activity index) calculated in this way is compared with the relative stress values estimated from computer modeling data. These 2 parameters form the basis of the PESL zone identification algorithm, which may be in demand for seismic zoning, primarily of remote and poorly studied territories, since it is based on publicly available source data and is largely formalized.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):135–142
135–142
OCEANOLOGY
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ANTARCTIC BOTTOM WATER TRANSPORT THROUGH THE VEMA FRACTURE ZONE BASED ON MEASUREMENTS AND NUMERICAL MODELING
Abstract
This study presents the results of an investigation into the transport characteristics of Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) through the Vema Fracture Zone in the equatorial Atlantic. The analysis is based on observational data primarily collected during expeditions conducted by the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Faculty of Geography of Moscow State University. The study incorporates direct current measurements, numerical modeling using the INMOM model, and the GLORYS12v1 reanalysis. A comparative analysis of the data from various sources was carried out to evaluate water transport through the fracture zone. The role of the Vema Fracture Zone in the spreading of AABW was examined, and the main characteristics of near-bottom flows were identified. According to direct measurements, modeling results, and reanalysis data, the transport of AABW through the Vema Fracture Zone — using the θ = 1.7°C isotherm as the upper boundary — amounts to 0.9 Sv (observations), 0.8 Sv (model), and 0.7 Sv (reanalysis). The near-bottom isotherms differ across the data sources. Nevertheless, all data types yield similar estimates of bottom water transport (with a maximum discrepancy of up to 20%), indicating good performance of the numerical modeling in the fracture zone.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):143–151
143–151
AZIMUTHAL DISTRIBUTION OF DOMINANT PERIODS OF TSUNAMI WAVES FORMED BY COSEISMIC BOTTOM DISPLACEMENTS
Abstract
The stationary phase method is used to obtain a formula that allows one to calculate the frequency spectrum of tsunami waves for an ocean of constant depth based on the shape of the initial elevation of the water surface at the source. For a model source of Gaussian shape (elliptical in plan), the dependence of the dominant period of tsunami waves on the azimuth angle is analytically investigated. A method is proposed for mapping a real tsunami source located in an ocean of variable depth on the spherical surface of the Earth onto an equivalent source in a basin of fixed depth with a flat bottom. An example of calculating the period directivity diagram for the source of the Simushir tsunami of 13.01.2007 is given.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):152–159
152–159
ATMOSPHERIC AND HYDROSPHERIC PHYSICS
FIRST ESTIMATES OF GREENHOUSE GAS FLUXES ASSOCIATED WITH GROUNDWATER SOURCES IN PERMAFROST OF CENTRAL YAKUTIA
Abstract
Estimates of methane and carbon dioxide fluxes into the atmosphere, associated with groundwater sources of continuous permafrost in central Yakutia were obtained for the first time. Average methane flux from intensively emitting groundwater springs is 211±85 mgC·m–2·h–1, and carbon dioxide is 93±67 mgC·m–2·h–1, which significantly exceeds fluxes of these gases from many subaerial ecosystems. Dissolved methane concentration is also high and varies from 1.6 to 4.8 mg·L–1. Research results emphasize the importance of groundwater discharge areas as methane sources in continuous permafrost and indicate the need for their further study. This is necessary to more accurately account for their contribution to the overall greenhouse gas balance and to establish the origin of the gases.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):160–166
160–166
LAND WATERS PROBLEMS
WHAT IS GOING ON WITH INTRASECULAR WATER LEVEL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE GREAT LAKES OF EURASIA?
Abstract
In the paper discusses why the intrasecular fluctuations of the level of the great lakes of Eurasia differ so significantly. The paper addresses both the phenomenon of the lowest position of the Caspian water level over the entire the history of observations and the problems of regulation of the Lake Baikal level that have been discussed over the past several decades. The paper substantiates the causes of an essential difference in the intrasecular fluctuations and multidirectional trends in the level of Ladoga and Onego lakes that are part of a single water system. Discussed are the specific features in the variability of the level of the great Eurasian lakes amid the global climate warming, the mechanisms of the lake level variability and the possible ways of forecasting long-term changes in lake water level.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):167–172
167–172
GEOECOLOGY
ASSESSMENT OF ZINC CONTENT IN AGROECOSYSTEMS OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION OF RUSSIA
Abstract
The studies were conducted in 2005–2024 in the forest-steppe zone of the Central Black Earth Region in the Belgorod and Voronezh regions, where the soil cover is mainly represented by Haplic Chernozems and Luvic Chernozems. The aim of the work was to conduct an agroecological assessment of zinc content in arable soils, fertilizers and agricultural plants. During the research, based on local monitoring data, it was established that in the arable layer of chernozems the average content of acid-soluble forms of zinc is within the range of 36.1–36.5 mg/kg. The results of continuous agroecological monitoring for the eighth and tenth cycles indicate that the average weighted content of mobile forms of zinc in the soils of the Belgorod region is at a consistently low level (0.50 mg/kg), and in the soils of the Voronezh region it has decreased from 0.45 to 0.30 mg/kg. Low supply of arable soils with mobile forms of zinc is a significant factor limiting the productivity of agroecosystems. To eliminate the deficiency of this element, it is necessary to include the use of microfertilizers in the technology of cultivation of agricultural crops. In the soils of roadside agroecosystems, there is a trend towards accumulation of this element. An important source of zinc in the soils are organic fertilizers, especially in the Belgorod region, where the average doses of their application reached 9.6 t/ha. The average zinc content in hay of perennial legumes was within the range of 14.0–17.8, in the main products of leguminous crops – 26.5–43.5, grain crops – 17.6–28.6 mg/kg. In sunflower seeds, the content of the element was 41.1, in sugar beet roots – 9.2 mg/kg. No exceedances of maximum permissible zinc concentrations in soils (including roadside agroecosystems) and maximum permissible levels of content in feed products were recorded.
Doklady Earth Sciences. 2025;525(1):173–180
173–180