Vol 9, No 2 (2025)

The criteria determining the scientific qualification of the variant form of government of the city-state – medieval Budva – are studied. The aim of the study is to analyse the legal position of the prince in the unified system of supreme power of the Budvan community, to examine its subordination to the sovereignty of the Serbian Nemanjic power and the Venetian Republic. Emphasis is placed on the content of princely regalia and the duties of the podestà to observe the laws and customs of Budva. Along with the prince, the state-legal status of the Great Veche (Great Council) and the Small Veche (Small Council), representing the interests of the municipal nobility (local patriciate), is examined. Importance is given to the judicial powers of the highest public authorities of Budva and its sovereign sovereigns. The main source of legal material on the peculiarities of the state system of Budva, used in the presented paper, is the Statute of Budva of the 14th century AD, still not translated into Russian, which determines its insignificant popularity and practically unexplored in the domestic theoretical and historical-legal science. The conclusion is made about the Padesto-Patrician or princely-boyar rule of medieval Budva, quite common in this historical period among the trading cities of the Adriatic coast of Dalmatia.

During the Great Patriotic War (1941–1945), a struggle was waged not only on the front lines against German fascist forces and their allies, but also within the country against saboteurs and political groups who sought to undermine the country’s stability and facilitate the triumph of fascism. The purpose of this study is to examine the efforts of Tambov law enforcement agencies in combating the domestic enemy, who sought to prevent the Soviet people from overcoming the Nazi invaders. This research is based on the application of general scientific methods of investigation, such as analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. The methodological basis for the research is based on the principles of objectivity and historicism. The study concludes that the enemy aimed to achieve victory over the Soviet Union, including through the activities of saboteurs and political groups, which were composed of deserters, criminals, and individuals dissatisfied with Soviet rule and seeking to defect to the opposing side. The German military intelligence service (Abwehr) was involved in organizing the training and support of sabotage groups and political factions in order to instill fear and panic among civilians. These sabotage groups and factions were tasked with carrying out acts of terror-ism, robbery, murder, as well as spreading rumors and false information about the imminent defeat of Soviet forces and the benefits of living under German occupation. The law enforcement agencies in the Tambov region have managed to prevent the destructive activities of the “domestic enemy” and have made a significant contribution to the victory of the Soviet people in the fight against fascism during the 1941–1945. The practical findings of this study can be used to develop methods for countering attempts to destabilize Russia.

The process of development of the concept of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values as a new unifying idea of the Russian society is considered. The purpose of the study is to analyze their significance as basic principles that ensure the unity of multinational, multi-confessional and multicultural Russian society. Modern challenges to traditional forms of society are assessed, the concepts of “state” and “national” unity are differentiated, the role of traditional spiritual and moral values as the basis of state unity and sovereignty of Russia is substantiated, it is concluded that against the background of destabilizing socio-political processes of the post-Soviet period, the concept of traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has replaced the previous ideological concepts, which became a natural response to the growing and growing unity of the Russian society.

In the teachings of F.F. Kokoshkin the problem of the national question and autonomy in Russia in the early XX century in the conditions of building a constitutional state was quite acute. F.F. Kokoshkin was not only a theoretician of Russian constitutionalism, but also a practitioner who tried to implement his ideas in lawmaking, being a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party. F.F. Kokoshkin considered certain restrictions regularly imposed by the Russian Empire on the Grand Duchy of Finland and its internal policy, the interaction of the Russian state with the autonomies, participated in the discussion of the need to develop a legislative initiative on the Polish question. It has been established that F.F. Kokoshkin insisted on the compulsory legislative enshrinement of the right to cultural self-determination of national minorities, which was further reflected in the programme provisions of the People's Freedom Party. The purpose of the study is a legal analysis of the problem of the national question and autonomy in the Russian Empire at the stage of constitutional construction in the early XX century in the teachings of F.F. Kokoshkin, as well as the implementation of these ideological principles in his lawmaking activities. According to the results of the research it is established that F.F. Kokoshkin, being a member of the Cadet Party, actively developed the national question and the question of the autonomy of the Kingdom of Poland. It is revealed that F.F. Kokoshkin defended the independence of the Grand Duchy of Finland. It is substantiated that F.F. Kokoshkin made a significant contribution to the preparation of key aspects of the draft law ‘On the arrangement of the Kingdom of Poland’. It is concluded that F.F. Kokoshkin favoured the need to grant the right of cultural self-determination for all nationalities and the right of autonomy for the national suburbs of Finland and Poland.

Several main problems of the general characteristics of legal liability for environmental offences are highlighted: 1) the existence of specific “legal environmental” liability; 2) the use of the concept of “property responsibility” in Article 79 of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”; 3) the mention of disciplinary responsibility in the same article. The opinion is expressed that there is no specific legal environmental liability – all its so-called features fit into the characteristics of administrative and civil liability for violation of legislation in the sphere of natural resource use and environmental protection. The article substantiates the expediency of excluding the mention of property liability from Article 79 of the federal law “On Environmental Protection” and replacing the term “property” with “civil” liability. It is proposed to exclude disciplinary liability from the list of types of liability for violations of legislation in the sphere of nature use and environmental protection, since it does not have any specificity in the environmental sphere and takes place exclusively within the framework of labor legal relations.

The research is devoted to modelling the content and structure of a conceptual state document in the field of family policy of the Republic of Belarus. The aim is to identify the main trends that essentially characterise the current state of marriage and family institutions, to separate family policy measures from demographic policy measures in order to form a feasible document that takes into account existing and potential risks and threats, which is especially important in view of the approaching new five-year cycle of state planning and state forecasting. The methodological basis of the study is based on such principles of scientific knowledge as objectivity, comprehensiveness, systematicity and comprehensiveness. The formal-legal method (contributed to the identification and comprehensive analysis of trends), methods of structural analysis and synthesis (used to detect contradictions and cause-and-effect relationships), comparative-legal method (contributed to the identification of negative trends of the concept under development), scientific-predictive method (provided an opportunity to anticipate the expected results) were used. Trends in the functioning of marriage and family institutions; factors of influence on the functioning of the family institution; external and internal contours of family policy priorities; a map of family policy spheres; strategic directions of family policy, tools and reserves of its implementation were defined. The form of a conceptual document in the sphere of family policy, as well as the body approving it, is substantiated and proposed. The structure of the concept of family policy of the Republic of Belarus is proposed.

Investment arbitration is a separate branch of commercial arbitration designed to settle disputes on legal relations in the field of investment and investment. As a rule, the parties to these disputes belong to different states and different legal systems. Consequently, investment disputes, in most cases, are subject to international rather than national commercial arbitration. The purpose of the study is to analyze the matters of jurisdiction of disputes of economic turnover subjects to arbitration courts in the sphere of investment arbitration and the competence of arbitration institutions to consider these types of disputes. Arbitration of the aforementioned disputes has its original peculiarities that allow to assert the sectoral nature of investment arbitration. The institute of commercial arbitration as a means of settlement of investment disputes is also quite developed and demanded in the world legal and economic systems. Investment activity of business entities is widespread in the modern economy and requires different ways of settling possible disputes and conflicts. This publication studies legal issues of arbitrability of disputes, in general, and certain types of disputes in the sphere of investment legal relations, in particular. Conclusions are made about the main advantages and disadvantages of legal regulation of the institute of investment arbitration in modern law.

In the context of discussing the problem of the crisis of criminology, the conclusions about the need to develop a theory of criminalization/decriminalization, which is an integral part of the concept of modeling criminal law, included in the subject of criminal law (such a part of it as the sociology of criminal law), and to develop an approach to understanding the criminalization model from the position of the result of this process are substantiated. The hypothesis that the concept of criminalization model, in essence – the model of criminal prohibition, should potentially become one of the basic concepts within the concept of modeling of criminal law is substantiated and its understanding as a certain layout, scheme of construction of such prohibition (from the position of its internal structure and (or) external form of expression), reflecting the peculiarities of normative-legal consolidation and legal-technical design, characterizing the boundaries of the action (spread) of such prohibition through the prism of objective and in some cases, subjective features of the composition(s) of the crime(s), as well as the assessment of benefits and values in the context of priorities of criminal law protection.

Until the end of the 80s of the 20th century, this direction of scientific research has received special attention, because in practice it proved its feasibility and effectiveness. In the 1990s, with the change of priorities in scientific research, the study of early crime prevention became less relevant, and the focus was on the organization of the fight against already existing crime. The adoption in 2016 of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System of Prevention of Offenses in the Russian Federation” did not solve all the problems. Law enforcers faced a number of problems related to the implementation of the provisions of said legislative act. It should be noted that at the time of the adoption of the Federal Law “On the Fundamentals of the System of Prevention of Offenses in the Russian Federation” the level of crime in the Russian Federation was quite high. A special place in the early prevention of crime is assigned to the prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation. The purpose of this scientific article is to determine the peculiarities of the realization by the procuratorial bodies of their powers in terms of early prevention of crime. As a result of the study, conclusions are drawn about the importance of the activities of the prosecutor's office in the early prevention of crime.