№ 3 (2025)
Articles
Institutionalization of the Non-State System for Ensuring Public Safety in the Context of Contemporary Challenges to the National Security of the Russian Federation
Аннотация
The subject of the research is the legal and institutional regulation of the activities of non-state actors involved in ensuring public safety in the Russian Federation. The study focuses on the interaction between state authorities and non-state actors in the context of contemporary threats to national security, including terrorism, extremism, cyber threats, and other risks. The research analyzes the key aspects of the functioning of the non-state system for ensuring public safety, identifies issues of regulatory framework and law enforcement practice that impede the effective integration of non-state actors into the overall national security system. Particular attention is paid to institutional mechanisms for interaction between state bodies and non-state actors, licensing, division of responsibilities, and the establishment of accountability. The methods used in this study include formal legal, comparative legal, and institutional analysis, as well as the examination of legal acts of the Russian Federation and foreign sources. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a systematic approach to institutionalizing the non-state system for ensuring public safety, identifying legal conflicts and legislative gaps, and justifying the need to adopt a federal law regulating the status of non-state actors and their interaction with state bodies. The practical significance of the study’s findings lies in their potential use by government agencies to improve legislation and develop effective policies in the field of national security, as well as in accounting for foreign experience in regulating the activities of non-state actors. The conclusion includes proposals for the development of the legislative framework aimed at improving the effectiveness of the non-state system for ensuring public safety in modern conditions.
National Security / nota bene. 2025;(3):1-10
1-10
The role of financial monitoring in combating tax evasion
Аннотация
Financial monitoring is aimed at identifying suspicious transactions related to money laundering, terrorist financing, and the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. Tax evasion falls within the scope of monitoring as a predicate crime to money laundering. Furthermore, international recommendations emphasize the necessity of combining the efforts of competent authorities, including tax authorities, and sharing tax information. At the same time, international recommendations are implemented in different countries taking into account the institutional characteristics of the anti-money laundering system. This article examines the institutional foundations of financial monitoring and tax administration in the Russian Federation. The subject of the research encompasses the theoretical and applied aspects of countering tax evasion as a threat to the legalization of income obtained through criminal means. The study was conducted using general scientific methods and economic analysis. An analysis of the dynamics and structure of suspicious transactions for the transfer of income abroad from 2015 to 2024 was carried out based on data from the Central Bank of Russia. The tasks of financial intelligence units and tax authorities were compared. The informational basis consists of international recommendations, laws, and legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as methodological recommendations from the Central Bank of Russia. The article presents a brief overview of international recommendations and Russian legislation concerning monitoring in the tax sphere. Special attention is paid to the problems of identifying beneficial owners. Suggestions for improving the process of identification have been developed for organizations, entities of primary monitoring, and government agencies. The insufficient level of interaction among competent authorities demonstrates the identified inconsistency in the criteria used to assess tax factors during transaction monitoring and the criteria for evaluating tax risks. The role of financial monitoring is manifested in a significant reduction in the volume of transactions for transferring income abroad, which are traditionally used for tax evasion. Elements of scientific novelty include the author's conclusions about the tasks of financial monitoring, the resolution of which contributes to counteracting tax evasion. In addressing and resolving these tasks, it is important to more specifically delineate the powers among competent authorities to eliminate the duplication of functions. A key factor in enhancing the role of financial monitoring in the fight against tax evasion is the expansion of inter-agency cooperation and international collaboration among competent authorities.
National Security / nota bene. 2025;(3):11-27
11-27
National security in the context of the transformation of modern constitutionalism: from declarative to institutionalization
Аннотация
Modern transformations of global and domestic order necessitate a rethinking of traditional frameworks of constitutional regulation, particularly in the aspect of ensuring security. In the context of permanent threats—from cyberattacks to hybrid conflicts—national security acquires the status of a foundational element of constitutional legality. The subject of this research is to identify the mechanisms through which the principles and institutions of constitutionalism adapt to these challenges. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need for legal formalization of long-term responses to threats that were previously viewed as temporary. Special attention is given to how the role of the state is changing: from a mechanism for restraining power to a guarantor of resilience and stability. This shift in emphasis requires the development of a new theoretical and normative construct. Constitutionalism must be capable of not only limiting power but also sustaining the viability of the system in the face of existential risks. Methodologically, the work is based on systemic and comparative legal approaches that allow for the exploration of adaptive mechanisms in different jurisdictions. Formal legal and hermeneutic analysis is employed to reveal the transformation of key concepts within the legal field. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the conceptualization of security as an internal constitutional category, rather than an external phenomenon relative to the legal system. For the first time, an attempt is made to systematically consider the institutionalization of security within the structure of modern constitutionalism. It is shown that the legal establishment of security measures must be accompanied by the creation of stable institutions, rather than being reduced to temporary states of emergency. It is argued that only through such institutionalization is a new balance possible between rights and protective measures. The research also pays attention to transnational legal trends affecting national constitutional practices. The conclusion is made about the necessity for a flexible, yet normatively defined approach to security as a constitutional category. The presented provisions contribute to the development of adaptive constitutionalism as a responsive form to the challenges of the 21st century.
National Security / nota bene. 2025;(3):28-46
28-46
Economic category of resource poverty – factor analysis
Аннотация
The relevance of the issue of the relationship between poverty and national wealth arises from the increasing importance of the fragmentation of the global economy and the shift away from collective efforts to combat poverty towards individual responsibility for addressing the problem at the national level. Today, there is a lack of consensus on how to assess the adequacy of state resources for implementing anti-poverty measures. Therefore, it is essential to define what constitutes poverty due to insufficient resources, identify factors that contribute to its persistence, and develop tools for assessing it. In this article, the research methodology includes several key stages aimed at a deep understanding of the concept of resource poverty and its impact on economic development. This study introduces the economic concept of "resource poverty," which refers to a country's inability to provide a balanced set of interconnected resources sufficient to implement poverty alleviation policies. Based on the correlation analysis, poverty lines have been identified for all countries, with income levels of US$8.65 per day for developing countries, US$9.75 per day for developed countries, and US$9.95 per day in developed countries. The analysis of the components of national wealth and their ratios has identified the factors that contribute to resource poverty within the context of these components. The analysis of the relationship between the components of national wealth and poverty has led to the conclusion that the growth of the industrial sector in developing countries could be a key factor in raising the poverty line. However, the further development of the service sector and digitalization of economies may increase the risk of global poverty.
National Security / nota bene. 2025;(3):47-59
47-59
Robotization of the battlefield and its possible impact on the development of military operations
Аннотация
The subject of the study is the process of development of military robotics, the subject of the study is the influence of this process on changing the methods of conducting military operations and the development of weapons and military equipment. It is noted that the current state of armed confrontation is characterized by the active development and implementation of robotic systems and complexes. The article discusses aspects such as the use of so-called partner robots. Their use in network mode creates prerequisites for expanding the capabilities of all types of weapons: by increasing situational awareness, security and comprehensive support. Accordingly, the removal of previously existing restrictions on the group use and interaction of heterogeneous combat weapons potentially gives rise to the possibility of changing both the methods of their use and the combat characteristics of individual systems. For the first time, the article proposes dividing partner robots into software and hardware systems built into the on-board equipment of military equipment and external robotic systems used in network mode, and examines their impact on the group use of combat systems. The main conclusions of the conducted research are that, firstly, the emergence of technical and software partners will significantly affect the development of military equipment, in terms of radically clarifying the approach to creating the so-called “technique of ultimate capabilities.” Secondly, the forms and methods of using weapons will change. Thirdly, it is likely that there will be no need to form tactical groups from units of different types and branches of troops, to ensure complex coordination of actions - all types of support will be implemented by robotic partners.
National Security / nota bene. 2025;(3):60-77
60-77