Forensic and forensic aspects of childhood traumatism as a result of domestic injuries and traffic accidents: A review

Cover Page

Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Childhood injuries are a major cause of death and disability worldwide, particularly in low-, and middle-income countries. Recent data showed that about 5 million children die from injuries per year. About 1 million children under 18 years old die of injury and more than 2000 children die per day, of which child injuries account for 5.4% (265 000–348 000) of child deaths annually worldwide. A detailed analysis of the epidemiology of childhood injuries can provide possible insights into their prevention and early intervention to reduce future disability due to childhood injuries.

In this review, the specificity of childhood body injuries in accidents and road traffic accidents and their qualitative differences from adult injuries were investigated, and current techniques for the detection, fixation, and recovery of childhood body trauma were reviewed through forensic investigation.

A literature search was conducted in the Pubmed, Scopus, Ebscohost, Medline, The Cochrane Library, SpringerLink, Web of Knowledge, Paragraph Medicine, and ScienceDirect databases to identify published studies for the last 20 years: from 1993 to 2023. Inclusion criteria were reports of randomized and cohort studies conducted on large populations, meta-analyses and systematic reviews, and articles in English, and Russian. Exclusion criteria were articles describing single cases and case series, published earlier than 1993, materials with no evidence base, abstracts of reports, abstracts, and newspaper articles. Out of 56 literature sources, 44 were selected as an analytical material for this article.

The literature review demonstrated that the absolute number of major childhood injuries has not declined over the past decade. Road traffic crashes remain the leading cause of injury and death in children. Adolescents are at greatest risk of serious injuries. Appropriate use of child restraints and safety equipment remains a key factor of the prevention. The adaptation of the urban environment is also a promising approach to child injury prevention among pedestrians and cyclists. As the social environment is a strong determinant of collisions, new road safety interventions must be implemented and evaluated with equity in mind to ensure safe roads for all.

About the authors

Aidos B. Tursunov

Academy of Law Enforcement Agencies under the General Prosecutors Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Email: aidosshar@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0001-0124-255X
SPIN-code: 2692-8095
Kazakhstan, Koshy

Frants A. Galitskiy

Astana Medical University

Email: galickif@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5548-0967
SPIN-code: 3366-3248

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Kazakhstan, Astana

Yernar N. Begaliyev

Academy of Law Enforcement Agencies under the General Prosecutors Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Email: ernar-begaliev@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6659-8576
SPIN-code: 1929-3392

Dr. Sci. (Jurisprud.), Professor

Kazakhstan, Koshy

Aizhan T. Shakhanova

Semey Medical University

Email: aizhanshat@mail.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8214-8575
SPIN-code: 5934-3789
Kazakhstan, Semey

Zhanar К. Kurmangali

Department of Internal Medicine of the Corporate Fund “University Medical Сenter

Author for correspondence.
Email: zhanar.k.kurmangali@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-9380-3432
SPIN-code: 7987-3742

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.)

Kazakhstan, Astana

References

  1. James SL, Castle CD, Dingels ZV, et al. Global injury morbidity and mortality from 1990 to 2017: Results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Inj Prev. 2020;26(Supp. 1):i96–114. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043494
  2. Kundal VK, Debnath PR, Sen A. Epidemiology of pediatric trauma and its pattern in Urban India: A tertiary care hospital-based experience. J Indian Association Pediatric Surg. 2017;22(1):33–37. doi: 10.4103/0971-9261.194618
  3. WHO/UNICEF. Child and adolescent injury prevention: A global call to action. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva; 2005.
  4. Kiragu AW, Dunlop SJ, Mwarumba N, et al. Pediatric trauma care in low resource settings: Challenges, opportunities, and solutions. Front Pediatrics. 2018;(6):155. doi: 10.3389/fped.2018.00155
  5. GBD 2015 Mortality and causes of death collaborators. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1459–1544. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
  6. WHO. Child Mortality 2019. Levels trends child mortal. United nations children’s fund; 2019.
  7. D’Ippolito A, Collins CL, Comstock RD. Epidemiology of pediatric holiday-related injuries presenting to US emergency departments. Pediatrics. 2010;125(5):931–937. doi: 10.1542/peds.2009-0307
  8. Aoki M, Abe T, Saitoh D, Oshima K. Epidemiology, patterns of treatment, and mortality of pediatric trauma patients in Japan. Scientific Reports. 2019;9(1):917. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37579-3
  9. Coulthard MG, Varghese V, Harvey LP, et al. A review of children with severe trauma admitted to pediatric intensive care in Queensland, Australia. PloS One. 2019;14(2):e0211530. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211530
  10. Özaşır D, Özüçelik DN, Yazıcıoğlu M, et al. Evaluation of the affecting factors for pediatric trauma patients in the adult emergency medicine department: Preliminary study. Arch Health Sci Res. 2015;2(2):178–186. doi: 10.17681/hsp.37594
  11. Tiruneh BT, Bifftu BB, Dachew BA. Prevalence and factors associated with road traffic incident among adolescents and children in the hospitals of Amhara National Regional State, Ethiopia. BMC Emergency Med. 2019;19(1):25. doi: 10.1186/s12873-019-0238-1
  12. Dagnaw Y, Fenta B, Yetwale A, et al. Mechanisms, pattern and outcome of pediatrics trauma at agaro general hospital, Southwest Ethiopia, 2021. Health Services Res Managerial Epidemiol. 2022;9:23333928221101975. doi: 10.1177/23333928221101975
  13. Naqvi G, Johansson G, Yip G, et al. Mechanisms, patterns and outcomes of paediatric polytrauma in a UK major trauma centre. Ann Royal College Surg England. 2017;99(1):39–45. doi: 10.1308/rcsann.2016.0222
  14. Ndung’u A, Sun J, Musau J, Ndirangu E. Patterns and outcomes of paediatric trauma at a tertiary teaching hospital in Kenya. Afr J Emerg Med. 2019;9(Suppl):S47–51. doi: 10.1016/j.afjem.2018.12.004
  15. Sorenson SB. Gender disparities in injury mortality: Consistent, persistent, and larger than you’d think. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(Suppl. 1):S353–358.
  16. Bedry T, Tadele H. Pattern and outcome of pediatric traumatic brain injury at hawassa university comprehensive specialized hospital, Southern Ethiopia: Observational cross-sectional study. Emerg Med Int. 2020;2020:1965231. doi: 10.1155/2020/1965231
  17. Alomani H, Fareed A, Ibrahim H, et al. Pediatric trauma at a single center in the Qassim region of Saudi Arabia. Ann Saudi Med. 2021;41(3):165–170. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2021.165
  18. Alemayehu S, Afera B, Kidanu K, Belete T. Management outcome of burn injury and associated factors among hospitalized children at ayder referral hospital, Tigray, Ethiopia. Int J Pediatrics. 2020;2020:9136256. doi: 10.1155/2020/9136256
  19. Ntundu SH, Herman AM, Kishe A, et al. Patterns and outcomes of patients with abdominal trauma on operative management from northern Tanzania: A prospective single centre observational study. BMC Surg. 2019;19(1):69. doi: 10.1186/s12893-019-0530-8
  20. Fylli C, Schipper IB, Krijnen P. Pediatric trauma in the netherlands: Incidence, mechanism of injury and in-hospital mortality. World J Surg. 2023;47(5):1116–1128. doi: 10.1007/s00268-022-06852-y
  21. Spering C, Müller G, Füzesi L, et al. Prevention of severe injuries of child passengers in motor vehicle accidents: Is re-boarding sufficient? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2022;48(5):3989–3996. doi: 10.1007/s00068-022-01917-y
  22. Siedin MS, Plis SS, Klevno VA. Forensic evaluation of ankle injury sustained as a result of a hoverboard impact: Case from practice. Russ J Forensic Med. 2022;8(1):19–24. doi: 10.17816/fm692
  23. Castelão M, Lopes G, Vieira M. Epidemiology of major paediatric trauma in a European Country ― trends of a decade. BMC Pediatrics. 2023;23(1):194. doi: 10.1186/s12887-023-03956-9
  24. Siedin MS, Plis SS, Klevno VA. Electric scooters and associated injuries: Forensic aspects. Russ J Forensic Med. 2022;8(4):77–88. doi: 10.17816/fm758
  25. Li YB, Vishniakova MV, Klevno VА. Determination of the mechanism of formation of cranio-brain injury in consideration of the data of multispiral computed tomography: A case from expert practice. Russ J Forensic Med. 2022;8(3):85–92. doi: 10.17816/fm736.
  26. Forjuoh SN. Burns in low- and middle-income countries: A review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention. Burns. 2006;32(5):529–537. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002
  27. Chen G, Smith GA, Ranbom L, et al. Incidence and pattern of burn injuries among children with disabilities. J Trauma. 2007;62(3):682–686. doi: 10.1097/01.ta.0000203760.47151.28
  28. Poulos RG, Hayen A, Chong SS, Finch CF. Geographic mapping as a tool for identifying communities at high risk of fire and burn injuries in children. Burns. 2009;35(3):417–424. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2008.08.001
  29. Tirmizi SZ, Mirza FH, Mangi P, Yaseen WS. Pattern of burn injuries and outcome in children. J Dow Uni Health Sci. 2013;7(1):41–45.
  30. Hansen OM, Mikkelsen R, Eskol JR, Brink O. Characteristics and outcomes of paediatric patients admitted to a Danish level-1 trauma centre. Dan Med J. 2020;67(7):A10190581.
  31. Kim EK, Suri D, Mahajan A, et al. Patterns of head and neck injuries in urban India: A multicenter study. OTO Open. 2022;6(4):2473974X221128217. doi: 10.1177/2473974X221128217
  32. Alghnam S, Jastaniah E, Alwahaibi W, et al. The prevalence of head and facial injuries among children in Saudi Arabia following road traffic crashes. Ann Saudi Med. 2020;40(5):417–424. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2020.417
  33. Rothman L, Schwartz N, Cloutier MS, et al. Child pedestrian and cyclist injuries, and the built and social environment across Canadian cities: The Child Active Transportation Safety and the Environment Study (CHASE). Inj Prev. 2022;28(4):311–317. doi: 10.1136/injuryprev-2021-044459
  34. Bruna-Rosso C, Ballout N, Arnoux PJ, et al. When epidemiological databases inform injury mechanisms: Biomechanical analysis of injury associations. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1):82. doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-14889-w
  35. Bass CR, Yoganandan N. Skull and facial bone injury biomechanics. In: Accidental injury . New York, NY: Springer New York; 2015. Р. 203–220.
  36. Salzar RS, Lievers WB, Bailey AM. Accidental injury. Yoganandan N, Nahum AM, Melvin JW, editors. New York, NY: Springer New York; 2015.
  37. Fadl SA, Sandstrom CK. Pattern recognition: A mechanism-based approach to injury detection after motor vehicle collisions. Radiographics. 2019;39(3):857–876. doi: 10.1148/rg.2019180063
  38. Siegel JH, Mason-Gonzalez S, Dischinger P, et al. Safety belt restraints and compartment intrusions in frontal and lateral motor vehicle crashes: Mechanisms of injuries, complications, and acute care costs. J Trauma. 1993;34(5):736–758; discussion 758-9. doi: 10.1097/00005373-199305000-00017
  39. Weninger P, Hertz H. Factors influencing the injury pattern and injury severity after high speed motor vehicle accident: A retrospective study. Resuscitation. 2007;75(1):35–41. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2007.03.011
  40. King AI. The biomechanics of impact injury. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2018. 662 р.
  41. He S, Lunnen JC, Puvanachandra P, et al. Global childhood unintentional injury study: multisite surveillance data. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(3):e79–84. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2013.301607
  42. Debas HT, Donkor P, Gawande A, et al. Disease control priorities, Third edition (Vol. 1): Essential surgery. The World Bank; 2015. 442 р.
  43. Cohen AD, Gurfinkel R, Glezinger R, et al. Pediatric burns in the Bedouin population in southern Israel. Sci World J. 2007;(7):1842–1847. doi: 10.1100/tsw.2007.239
  44. Mashreky SR, Rahman A, Chowdhury SM, et al. Epidemiology of childhood burn: Yield of largest community based injury survey in Bangladesh. Burns. 2008;34(6):856–862. doi: 10.1016/j.burns.2007.09.009
  45. Akansel N, Yılmaz S, Aydin N, Kahveci R. Etiology of burn injuries among 0–6 aged children in One University Hospital Burn Unit, Bursa, Turkey. Int J Caring Sci. 2013;6(2):208–216.

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2023 Eco-Vector

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

Согласие на обработку персональных данных с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика»

1. Я (далее – «Пользователь» или «Субъект персональных данных»), осуществляя использование сайта https://journals.rcsi.science/ (далее – «Сайт»), подтверждая свою полную дееспособность даю согласие на обработку персональных данных с использованием средств автоматизации Оператору - федеральному государственному бюджетному учреждению «Российский центр научной информации» (РЦНИ), далее – «Оператор», расположенному по адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А, со следующими условиями.

2. Категории обрабатываемых данных: файлы «cookies» (куки-файлы). Файлы «cookie» – это небольшой текстовый файл, который веб-сервер может хранить в браузере Пользователя. Данные файлы веб-сервер загружает на устройство Пользователя при посещении им Сайта. При каждом следующем посещении Пользователем Сайта «cookie» файлы отправляются на Сайт Оператора. Данные файлы позволяют Сайту распознавать устройство Пользователя. Содержимое такого файла может как относиться, так и не относиться к персональным данным, в зависимости от того, содержит ли такой файл персональные данные или содержит обезличенные технические данные.

3. Цель обработки персональных данных: анализ пользовательской активности с помощью сервиса «Яндекс.Метрика».

4. Категории субъектов персональных данных: все Пользователи Сайта, которые дали согласие на обработку файлов «cookie».

5. Способы обработки: сбор, запись, систематизация, накопление, хранение, уточнение (обновление, изменение), извлечение, использование, передача (доступ, предоставление), блокирование, удаление, уничтожение персональных данных.

6. Срок обработки и хранения: до получения от Субъекта персональных данных требования о прекращении обработки/отзыва согласия.

7. Способ отзыва: заявление об отзыве в письменном виде путём его направления на адрес электронной почты Оператора: info@rcsi.science или путем письменного обращения по юридическому адресу: 119991, г. Москва, Ленинский просп., д.32А

8. Субъект персональных данных вправе запретить своему оборудованию прием этих данных или ограничить прием этих данных. При отказе от получения таких данных или при ограничении приема данных некоторые функции Сайта могут работать некорректно. Субъект персональных данных обязуется сам настроить свое оборудование таким способом, чтобы оно обеспечивало адекватный его желаниям режим работы и уровень защиты данных файлов «cookie», Оператор не предоставляет технологических и правовых консультаций на темы подобного характера.

9. Порядок уничтожения персональных данных при достижении цели их обработки или при наступлении иных законных оснований определяется Оператором в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации.

10. Я согласен/согласна квалифицировать в качестве своей простой электронной подписи под настоящим Согласием и под Политикой обработки персональных данных выполнение мною следующего действия на сайте: https://journals.rcsi.science/ нажатие мною на интерфейсе с текстом: «Сайт использует сервис «Яндекс.Метрика» (который использует файлы «cookie») на элемент с текстом «Принять и продолжить».