卷 12, 编号 3 (2024)
MODERN RUSSIAN SOCIETY
Subjective well-being of Russians through the prism of their identities: state and factors
摘要
The article shows the prevalence of identities of Russians related to subjective well-being (identity with people of the same material wealth, with those who are in constant need and with those who have achieved success in life) based on the research data of the Institute of Sociology of FCTAS RAS. The analysis of these identities effectively complements the traditional methods of studying well-being by assessing it not “in the moment”, but over a long period of time, since the identities are formed over a long period of time and are stable. It is shown that these three symbolic identities allow to “capture” different components of subjective well-being. Self-identification with those in constant need reflects the disadvantage caused not only by low income and experienced deprivations, but also by the gap between a person's aspirations and actual achievements. Identity with those who have achieved success is closely related to overall satisfaction with life and with one's position in the status hierarchy, reflecting the achievement of goals that are important to the individual (not necessarily related to material well-being). Identity with people of the same material well-being is more common among the well-off population, as many of the disadvantaged try to find more favorable grounds for positioning themselves in society. As these identities reflect different aspects of subjective well-being, the coexistence of apparently mutually exclusive identities is typical of Russians. It is also shown that the self-identifications of representatives of the mass strata of the country's population based on their wellbeing occupy an important place in their identification system, and that the prevalence of these identities is stable over time, although they are no longer among the “nuclear” identities. They are relatively more pronounced among representatives of polar groups in terms of their place in the system of social inequality. At the same time, as a whole, they allow to define the position of a person in the system of social inequalities quite clearly.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):6-25
6-25
The updated values of a soldier of a special military operation: letters from the front 2023
摘要
In the context of aggravation of military conflicts throughout the world, including on the territory of Ukraine, it seems important to study the micro-events of the war, the value priorities of its direct participants — the soldiers. The space of war and its time (both in physical and metaphysical terms) seem to be the context where the soldier's axiology is fully revealed. The borderline situation (between life and death) creates tension and exacerbates existential choice. The main method is the analysis of ego-documents, front-line letters from participants in a special military operation addressed to children. Letters from participants in the special military operation were taken from an open source, a telegram channel of a volunteer group, with the consent of their moderator and the addressees themselves. The methodology of textual analysis is based on the ideas of “national unity”, “national religiosity”, the connectedness of Russian people according to the type of family relationships during the war, taken in one of the most iconic novels about the war, L. N. Tolstoy's epic novel “War and Peace”; N. A. Berdyaev's idea about the symbolic nature of war, which does not give birth to evil, but reveals it, and his focus on the messianic role of Russia in the military conflicts of the world; on the civilizational approach of N. Ya. Danilevsky, who sees in war a source of historical development and the formation of cultural and historical types. The results of the study substantiate the evidence of the hypothesis that axiology itself has its foundations in the cultural patterns of Russian literature as a basic component of the school curriculum, and is also imprinted in the works of Russian philosophers who accumulated the worldview experience of previous generations. The study established the presence in the axiology of soldiers of a special military operation of a reference point to messianism and the manifestation of the characteristics of the cultural and historical type of Russia. The space and time of war forces soldiers to turn to them and strengthens archetypal value foundations, actualizes historical memory and confirms its exceptional significance.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):26-55
26-55
SOCIOLOGY OF SCIENCE
Students as partners of research projects in Russian universities: opportunities and barriers
摘要
The article shows the potential and barriers to the realization of the conception, treating students as partners in research projects of universities. The foreign experience of implementing this conception in various spheres of academic life is presented. The positive effects and limitations of the conception of students as partners in research are summarized. Based on the results of the empirical study «Scientific mentoring in Russian universities: institutional models, professional roles, everyday practices», the prerequisites and barriers to the implementation of this concept in Russian universities are identified. The administrative, economic and social barriers caused by both the institutional and organizational conditions for the implementation of university science and the peculiarities of the established model of relationships in the academic environment between different generations of researchers are revealed. The positive impact of student involvement in grant projects is shown. It is proved that this form of interaction between “adults” and young researchers creates prerequisites for the implementation of the principles of the concept of students as university partners.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):56-75
56-75
Trends in the dynamics of radicalization phenomenon researches: scientometric analysis
摘要
In an attempt to explain “who, how and why comes to terrorism?”, the research hypothesis that radicalisation is a predictor of terrorism emerged at the beginning of the 21st century. From this moment, the formation of a new scientific research direction on the phenomenon of radicalisation began and dynamically developing interdisciplinary field of study in the second decade of the 2 st century. The article presents the results of radicalisation research current state scientometric analysis the in the Russian and foreign research field, identifies trends and directions, outlines the opportunities and limitations of the development of scientific direction in Russia. The choice of the time period for the analysis (2014-2023) is due to the fact that the second decade of radicalisation research is the most active and productive. In Russia, radicalisation studies appeared only in this period. Based on the results of quantitative and qualitative analysis of Russian and foreign publications, the specific characteristics of the research current state are outlined. The key conclusion is that in the study of radicalisation, Russian researchers lag behind by at least a decade, the reasons for the lag and opportunities for the development of scientific direction in Russia are outlined.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):76-107
76-107
SOCIOLOGY OF THE FAMILY
Dynamics of everyday practices of urban parents
摘要
In order to further improve family policy, the article aims to analyze the dynamics of everyday practices of parents. The empirical basis is the databases on individuals of theComprehensive monitoring of living conditions (GKS-KOUZH — 2011,2016, 2018, 2020, 2022 years), which is conducted by the Federal State Statistics Service. Subsamples of urban fathers and mothers living with children under the age of 15 have been formed. The daily practices of parents are analyzed based on the indicators of work, leisure, sports, health, smoking and alcohol consumption contained in the database, depending on gender, educational level and number of children. The article presents an analysis of studies on the transmission of constructive and destructive parenting practices to children. It is shown that during the analyzed period, the proportion of parents who work in their specialty, attend various leisure facilities, participate in the activities of political and public organizations, engage in sports and drink alcohol is stable. The proportion of mothers attending religious institutions and meetings of believers has decreased. There are positive trends in a significant increase in the proportion of both fathers and mothers who are satisfied with their profession and salary, who make tourist trips, who positively assess their health and a decrease in the proportion of fathers who smoke. According to the analysis of the KOUZH-2022, more parents with higher education work in their specialty, are satisfied with wages, have the opportunity to work distantly via the Internet, practice buying food and goods over the Internet, make tourist trips, visit the theater, museums, exhibitions, restaurants, participate in social activities, do not smoke, play sports or active recreation compared to parents without higher education. Parents with many children are similar in terms of types of professional activities and level of education to one- and two-child parents. The absolute advantage of parents with many children is a significant proportion of religious fathers and the lowest level of alcohol consumption by fathers and mothers. Positive trends in the daily activities of parents inspire optimism about the prospects for fertility and the quality of parenthood.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):108-124
108-124
Happy childhood: the search for an informative system of characteristics through the prism of eventfulness
摘要
The results of a study devoted to identifying the potential of using information about childhood events to explain the subsequent perception of childhood as a happy one are presented. Based on the assumption that the specificity of the eventfulness of the very first stage of life can determine the existence of groups with happy and unhappy childhood according to subjective estimates, a selection of childhood events has been made that most allow differentiating those who evaluate their childhood as happy and unhappy. As an empirical basis, the results of a survey of representatives of a youth group who have crossed the age of majority or are on its border are used. Among the 100 initial childhood events for analysis, groups of life episodes were identified, the presence and age of occurrence of which are associated with a retrospective assessment of childhood as happy. These are events related to the manifestation of subjectivity and its recognition by adults; consumer and financial socialization ; establishing relationships with peers and parents; independent movements and mobility; a variety of leisure practices and prosocial behavior; some manifestations of infantilism; the absence or later onset of certain traumatic events, deviant behavior practices, actions to change appearance. The listed groups of life episodes form the basis of an informative system of characteristics of a subjectively prosperous childhood and can be used in the future to implement models of multidimensional analysis.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):125-149
125-149
SOCIOLOGY OF TIME BUDGETS
Distribution and duration of chores in married couple households
摘要
Based on data from the “Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey” ( RLMS-HSE), this article analyzes the gender distinctions and tendencies that characterize changes in the structure of how chores are assigned, and how much time is allocatedto them, in households that consist solely of married couples, during the years 19942021. As it turns out, in such households women tend to do much more work around the house than do men. However, both men and women have been spending more time working for pay outside of the home, though simultaneously the overall amount of time spent doing work outside of the home, as well as on household chores, has decreased. Other changes that were observed include a decrease of over twofold in the time spent on performing household chores by either men or women, and a somewhat less substantial reduction of the difference in time spent doing chores between women and men. Distribution of household chores by gender during the time period in question has become more equal mostly due to the fact that the time women used to spend performing household duties has been decreasing at a more rapid rate than in the case of their partners. The results of the study also point towards variability and a considerable decrease in the time spent on performing various household duties by the women and men who form families consisting of just the married couples. Where the discrepancy between genders is the greatest is when it comes to time spent on those chores that involve monotonous, tedious and exhausting work around the house.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):150-172
150-172
Urban family with minor children: resources, moral guidelines and social adaptation of working parents. Part one
摘要
The first part of the article presents the results of studying the daily activities of working parents in the field of caring for minor children and their upbringing. Data from monitoring studies of the daily activities and time budget of urban residents carried out during 1986-2020 were used. The composition of families with children is considered and the resource characteristics of parents are analyzed, which turned out to be very similar for fathers and mothers. The relationship of parents' time spent on caring for children and their upbringing with parents' belonging to fathers and mothers, with their age, level of education, religious identity and income level in parents' families, as well as with some value orientations of fathers and mothers, is investigated. The analysis showed that the objective picture of working parents using time resources for activities with children does not agree with their subjective opinion that “activities with their childre n, their upbringing is the most important thing in the life of both spouses”. At the same time, most working fathers and mothers are satisfied with the time spent both on caring for children and on their upbringing as time resources. The characteristics of the provision of fathers and mothers with other resources do not affect their satisfaction with time spent. There is a direct relationship between satisfaction with the time spent on raising children and parents' satisfaction with life in general. An analysis of the moral guidelines of parents, which are the moral basis for the process of socialization of minor children in the family, has shown that more than half of the moral qualities related to virtues are the norm for the vast majority of fathers and to a somewhat lesser extent for mothers. At the same time, there is a tendency to blur parents' ideas about qualities-virtues and anti-virtues as a norm and deviation from it. In addition, a trend is emerging in which, judging by estimates, a considerable part of parents do not see a positive life prospect for their children, in terms of their social adaptation, if children in life are guided by the same virtues as the parents themselves. The first part in the article analyzes the composition and resource potential and the use of time resources of parents for child care and upbringing. The second part will be about the moral guidelines and the results of social adaptation of working parents. The numbering of tables and figures is continuous in both parts.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):173-197
173-197
METHODOLOGY AND METHODS OF SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
Analysis of the mass survey data reliability (using the example of smoking prevalence in Russia estimates)
摘要
Survey-based estimates of smoking prevalence in Russia, given by various quite respectable organizations for the same period, range from less than 20% to more than 50%. This scatter cannot be explained by differences in the conceptualization of the indicator (who is considered a smoker) and significantly affects the overall picture of smoking in Russia and the assessment of the success of anti-tobacco policy. This raises questions about the reliability of the relevant survey data. It can be solved in at least two ways: by analyzing and eliminating discrepancy factors or by choosing one of the studies as a reference with a thorough check of the reliability of its data. The article substantiates the choice of the second path and the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) as a reference. To check its reliability, three criteria were used: analysis of critical publications about research errors, methodological triangulation (comparison with data from other methods) and analysis of correlation with the consequences of smoking. All three criteria showed a high level of reliability of the RLMS data. The hypothesis about the research error put forward in critical publications does not find empirical confirmation. Comparison with other supposedly reliable data (both survey and non-survey) shows discrepancies below the margin of statistical error. The correlation of RLMS data on smoking with mortality from diseases of the circulatory system turns out to be extremely high. Therefore, it is advisable to consider the RLMS as a reference source of data on the prevalence of smoking in Russia, and indicators from other surveys that differ significantly from it as potentially questionable in their methodological decisions.
Sociological Science and Social Practice. 2024;12(3):198-213
198-213