编号 4 (2025)

Background. The relevance of the research topic is determined by its scientific, theoretical and practical significance. In scientific and theoretical terms, the study of this problem allows us to deepen our understanding of the institutionalization of property in Russian law. In practical terms, the topic is significant from the point of view of studying legal ideas and theories in order to improve Rus-sian legislation concerning the institution of property. The purpose of the article is to attempt to examine the evolution of legal theories of property and their reflection in current legislation. Materials and methods. The article is based on an analysis of the available legal theories of property. It uses the following re-search methods: dialectical, historical, comparative legal methods, method of analysis and synthesis. Results. The article substantiates the idea of the evolutionary development of Russian legislation in terms of property relations, showing that the legislation and the Constitution of the Russian Federation were based on various theories of property, which are most in demand in modern conditions. Conclusions. An analysis of modern Russian legislation has shown that its normative provisions on property are based on several of the most widespread legal theories of property that arose in different historical periods – the liberal theory of property, the theory of the social function of property, the theory of the triad of owner's rights, and the socialist theory of property. Their combined use indicates the transitional nature of Russian society, which finds its consolidation in the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

Background. Beginning in the 1950s, i.e., with the intensification of the confrontation be-tween the two global hegemons – the USA and the USSR – American studies became one of the leading fields in the Soviet humanities. Within American studies, particular attention was paid to issues of state, law, and politics. This article provides an analytical review of the main works of Soviet American studies, highlighting their strengths and weaknesses. Materials and methods. From the extensive scholarly legacy, this study primarily focuses on monographs, dissertations, and, in some cases, articles, written primarily at the country's key academic venues of the time. Critical analysis and comparison are employed, along with a selective discussion of individual works. Results. It is established that Soviet American studies largely devoted its work to significant historical anniversaries – the 100th anniversary of the Civil War, the 200th anniversary of the start of the Revolutionary War, and the 200th anniversary of the adoption of the US Constitution. At the same time, it also explored topics of unquestionable significance "without reference" to historical dates: the development of capitalism in the premodern era, the state of public consciousness in the late 19th century in connection with the development of state expansion, the farmers' movement, and the state's response to it. A major achievement of Soviet American studies in the 1980s was the study of the two-party system in the United States, which had a fundamental impact on the state. Conclusions. Despite its undeniable success, Soviet American studies was not free of ideological illusions, stemming from the key role of the labour movement and the American Communist Party, an inadequate interpretation of the Black question, and an excessive focus on foreign policy. At the same time, Soviet Americanists contributed not only academically but also through informational and propaganda efforts to Soviet people's understanding of a country that was foreign and distant to them.

Background. The article examines the issue of constitutional and legal protection of the rights and freedoms of minors, including the mechanisms for protecting these rights and freedoms and the conditions created by the state for the implementation of such protection. The relevance of the research topic is due to the problematic aspects of state control over the observance of constitutional and legal protection of the rights and freedoms of minors, which include the improper fulfilment of duties by the legal representatives (parents) of minors in terms of raising their children, and the lack of additional state measures to improve the mechanism for protecting the rights and freedoms of minors. The author's goal is to research and conduct a comparative analysis of the constitutional rights and freedoms of minors and the sufficiency of legislative measures to protect the personal rights and freedoms of minors, including the scope of legally established responsibilities of legal representatives of minors. Materials and methods. The solution of research tasks was achieved through the analysis of legal norms on ensuring the rights and freedoms of minors, which are contained in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Family Code of the Russian Federation. A comparative legal analysis of these sources allows us to determine the specifics of the institution of minors' rights in terms of their constitutional and legal provision, as well as to identify possible mechanisms for improving and protecting these rights. Results. The article explores the issues of ensuring and protecting the rights and freedoms of minors from the perspective of their constitutional and legal significance. It analyzes the legal norms governing the observance of the rights and freedoms of minors by their legal representatives, particularly the norms governing the obligations of legal representatives (parents) to provide proper upbringing for minors (children). The article also examines the relevance of these legal norms in the field of protecting the rights and freedoms of minors. Conclusions. The existence of constitutional and legal provisions on the rights and freedoms of minors, which primarily identify the sovereignty of the corresponding rights and freedoms granted to everyone from birth, cannot serve as a guarantee of their proper implementation. In other words, the protection of the rights and freedoms of minors cannot be ensured solely by reference to this in the main legal act of the state. The protection of the personal rights and freedoms of minors, based on their constitutional and legal status, is directly related to the appropriate observance of the norms by legal representatives that provide for the proper upbringing and maintenance of their children, as well as to the possible improvement of state methods for protecting the rights and freedoms of minors.

Background. The article is devoted to the study of the role and significance of a person as a subject of constitutional legal relations. The author explores the role of a person in various models of constitutionalism. The relevance of the study is due to the changing social relations, the rethinking and development of the theory of constitutionalism, and, as a result, the role and place of the individual as a subject of constitutional legal relations in various jurisdictions. Materials and methods. The implementation of research objectives was achieved through the analysis of works dedicated to the theory of constitutionalism and the rule of law. Special attention was paid to the research of Russian and foreign constitutionalists on the specifics of constitutionalism in jurisdictions with different models of constitutionalism, both traditional and alternative. The methodological toolkit includes comparative legal and historical legal analysis, as well as the analysis of regulatory legal acts. Results. As a result, the author concludes that the role and significance of a person as a subject of constitutional legal relations differ significantly in different jurisdictions. The French model of constitutionalism provides for the most active role of a person in constitutional legal relations. Conclusions. The stability of the legal status of a person as a subject of constitutional legal relations depends on the development of other subjects of constitutional legal relations. The role and significance of a person in constitutional legal relations are significantly influenced by the level of legal and economic development of the state, historical traditions, and cultural and religious characteristics of society. With the development of social relations, including scientific and technological progress, the emergence of a digital state, and the introduction of artificial intelligence, the role and place of a person as a subject of constitutional legal relations are under additional pressure.

Background. The digital transformation of public administration is taking place in most countries worldwide. Relevant legal acts aimed at implementing the provisions on the creation of a digital state are being adopted. The transition to a more advanced model of public administration is considered. The legal framework, today, requires more detailed regulation in order to answer the questions that have arisen before the traditional legal system in connection with the widespread use of new technologies. Understanding by the scientific community and amendments to the current national legislation are required. The main goal is to study the structural elements of the digital state, determine the legislative regulation of this issue, and identify the problems that arise in the implementation of the provisions of the digital state. Materials and methods. The empirical base consists of legal acts determining the procedure for the digital transformation of public administration in the Russian Federation. The compara-tive legal method allowed us to analyze foreign legal acts (People's Republic of China, United Arab Emirates, Republic of Kazakhstan). Results. The general substantive characteristics of legal acts regulating digital transformation in the Russian Federation and abroad are presented. The concepts of "digital state" are presented. Conclusions. A new concept of "digital state" is emerging, changing the under-standing of the public administration system. It offers a new approach to addressing the challenges posed to government bodies, streamlining and accelerating decision-making. This requires the development of updated standards and regulations covering a wide range of issues related to the digital transformation of public administration. Taking these provisions into account will ensure a holistic and coordinated approach to the implementation of digital technologies.

Background. The social dynamics of modern society exacerbate the problem of mental well-being, leading to an increase in the need for accessible forms of psychological assistance. This issue is particularly relevant in the youth environment, which is the most receptive to digital solutions. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the social determinants of the demand for digital forms of psychological support among young people as an indicator of institutional changes in this area. Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of data from national surveys and an author's empirical research. The questionnaire method was used to collect primary data. The data were processed using descriptive statistics. Results. It was found that 40.5 % of respondents experience a frequent need for psychological support. Key social determinants of stress were identified: uncertainty about the future (37.5 %) and generalized anxiety (27.5 %). The most significant factors for users are the availability of support (66.7 %) and its 24/7 availability (65.7 %). The analysis showed a high integration of mobile applications in the daily practices of young people (59.5 %), with a dominant need for progress tracking functions (65.6 %) and a request for the integration of artificial intelligence technologies. Conclusions. Based on the results, it was concluded that a new digital social institution of psychological support is emerging in Russian society, characterized by flexibility, accessibility, and focus on user requests. Its development is associated with the deepening of personalization, the integration of AI technologies, and the development of sustainable hybrid interaction models. Digital support occupies an important niche in the ecosystem.

Background. In modern conditions, the problem of comprehensively considering technology not only as a phenomenon, but also as an intermediary in human relations with the world, is of particular importance. In other words, an important question that requires a search for answers is the following: how technology appears in the daily consciousness of a person, what it means for a modern person and how it changes his relationship with the world. Materials and methods. The research materials include modern works on postphenomenology, as well as scientific articles on digitalization. The research is based on the postphenomenology of D. Ihde, as well as the work of E. Levinas and J.-L. Marion. Methods: theological, phenomenological, postphenomenological. Results. The phenomenological and post-phenomenological framework of the theological interpretation of technology and its place in modern society is outlined. Technology is considered primarily as a means of human interaction with the world, aimed at ensuring earthly life. The presented concept of technology is used to interpret modern digital technologies and their impact on humans and their relationship with the world. A number of contradictions in the use of modern technologies by modern people have been identified. It talks about the expansion of the human life world, which is simultaneously accompanied by the increasing integration of modern technical devices into social life and the increasing risks of eroding humanity. Conclusions. Technology, created and improved to provide more and more comfortable conditions for physical existence, has reached a stage in its development when it determines a person's thinking and behavior, often distancing them from spiritual life. From a postphenomenological point of view, technology leads to the blurring of the boundaries between subject and object and the blurring of the human. Modern digital technologies determine many aspects of our lives: our perception of our own physicality, the perception of others, the perception of time, and our attitude to events taking place in the country and in the world.

Background. The technological confrontation of the 21st century is a full-fledged war of a new type, which carries a number of unprecedented anthropological risks. The methods of a person's identity, building his career, social and personal life, storing and protecting personal data, and many other parameters that together fully define a person in society are subject to complete revision. The purpose of the study is to reveal and analyze the anthropological risks caused by technological warfare as a promising area of interstate confrontation within the framework of the new generation war. Materials and methods. The present study is based on an anthropological analysis. With its help, the anthropological risks posed by the technological war in the digital space were considered, as well as their consequences, which have already occurred and are expected in the future. The philosophical and cultural method and the network approach were also used. Results. The anthropological dimension of techno-logical warfare is considered, that is, its humanitarian, rather than purely technical, dimension. The characteristics of the new identity of a modern person are noted, in which the digital aspect becomes an indispensable element. New criteria of inequality are being revealed, and technological backwardness, which a person cannot overcome while on the «digital periphery», is becoming an aggravating factor. Conclusions. The technological war raises several questions at once, the search for answers to which will allow a modern person to successfully adapt to the changes taking place in the digital age. New ethics, digital and cultural hygiene will allow a person to find a balanced adaptation option. A person is a product of the independent development of a nation-state, which is why, first of all, focusing on habitual (culturally conditioned) behaviors and, at the same time, increasing digital engagement and literacy will increase the adaptive potential of the individual in the era of total digitalization.

Background. In modern times, the idea of personality formation based on the values of Russian civilization is becoming important, which makes us turn to the Soviet period of Russian history and the issue of constructing a Soviet person. The purpose of the study is Soviet myths, through which a new type of personality was formed – the Soviet man. Materials and methods. The implementation of research tasks is based on the study of texts broadcast in the Soviet state related to the image of a Soviet person. The analytical and hermeneutic methods of research are chosen. Results. The analysis of the texts showed that the myths about the Soviet man based on the archetype of Prometheus, the leader, including the archetypes of the Wise Elder, the Warrior and the superman, the Soviet people possessing a certain chosenness and unity with the party, moral values contributing to the formation of certain qualities of the Soviet man, heroism and class struggle appeared as common narratives of constructing the individual where the image of an enemy that had to be fought was considered mandatory. The laws of myth-making contributed to the effectiveness of introducing myths into human consciousness. Among them are the use of binary oppositions, the principle of similarity, and the law of condensation. The myths replicated in the Soviet state represented an ideological construct that shaped the Soviet man, oriented him in the universe and contributed to the stability of existence. Conclusions. The introduction of myths into the minds of a large number of people had not only positive but also negative aspects, including suppressing critical thinking, leading to conformism and intolerance to dissent, and creating double standards. Understanding the essence and mechanisms of action of Soviet myths in modern conditions will help to form new myths for the formation of a self-sufficient personality with the value orientations of the Russian civilization.