Vol 14, No 2 (2024)
Building structures. Soils and foundations. Technology and organization of construction. Designing of buildings and constructions. Engineering survey and inspection of buildings
Filtration of the dam of the PSPP upper basin
Abstract
Introduction. Ground dams and levees made of fine-grained soils are very common structures. Their widespread use in hydraulic engineering is explained by their cost-effectiveness due to the use of local materials. Clay soils are often used in such structures both for laying in the prisms of the dam and for the installation of anti-filtration elements. However, the laying of clay soil is associated with some restrictions related to the climatic conditions of construction. During the rainy period or during the period of snowfall and exposure to negative temperatures, the laying of such soil slows down due to the need to apply special measures, or stops altogether. This affects the time of construction and, ultimately, the cost of construction. The possibility of replacing part of the clay soil of the dam with sandy soil, the laying of which does not depend to such an extent on weather conditions, is considered. However, such a replacement requires additional verification of the structure in terms of its filtration capacity. A study of the filtration regime of the dam of the basin of the PSPP, built using all-weather technology of soil laying, was carried out. The parameters of the filtration flow for various design variants are obtained. Recommendations are given on the choice of an option for an underground dam. The enclosing dam of the PSPP basin made of mixed soils on a non-slip foundation with a height of 32.0 m, laying an upper slope of 1:6.0, and a lower slope of 1:3.5 was considered. 9 design options with various structural elements were considered.Materials and methods. Calculations of soil dam filtration for steady state and unsteady dam regimes were carried out using the numerical finite element method in the local variational formulation using the FILTR software package.Results. As a result of the research, the parameters of the filtration flow were obtained for the considered variants of the earthwork design: the position of the depression curve, the values of the filtration flow rate and the gradient. Recommendations on the choice of design are made.Conclusions. Studies have shown that it is possible to use mixed soil laid using all-weather technology in the prisms of a soil dam instead of part of the clay soil when they are layered. At the same time, the filtration regime of the structure together with the foundation does not cause concern.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):6-17
6-17
Structure and content of the NPP life cycle stage management platform
Abstract
Introduction. Life cycle management of nuclear power plants is a complex process for many reasons, one of which is a large amount of information that requires understanding and analysis at all stages of the life cycle (LC): from the stage of “Site placement and selection” to the final stage of “Decommissioning”. NPP lifecycle management is a multifactorial process that includes obtaining and analysing a large amount of diverse information and actions. To consider all the details of this complex LC management process, it is necessary to create a digital platform, and to facilitate the process of information processing and management of NPP LC, a mathematical description is needed.Materials and methods. The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the need to create a management platform for NPP LC from the stage of placement to the stage of decommissioning. The elements of the management platform should be used in the implementation of strategic planning when making long-term decisions aimed at ensuring safety, given that the decommissioning of the plant is the most high-risk stage of the NPP housing and communal services.Results. The paper discusses the basics of creating an NPP LC management platform, including a mathematical description and algorithms of the methodology for managing it, presents the structure and image of the platform and provides an example of risk management.Conclusions. The structure and content of the NPP LC management platform are proposed, which combines all stages of the NPP life cycle, consolidates and systematizes information about all events and elements in digital format, considering factors: safety, cost, durability, time, the platform allows for analysis and evaluation of NPP LC stages.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):18-31
18-31
Defects of reinforced concrete chimneys in modern operating conditions
Abstract
Introduction. The paper is devoted to the analysis of the occurrence of the defects on reinforced concrete chimney shafts under current operating conditions. The history of the construction of reinforced concrete chimneys was studied. This paper uses generally accepted survey and analytical research methods. Analytical work was carried out on current methods for eliminating defects in reinforced concrete shafts and a conclusion was made on the ineffectiveness of these solutions.Materials and methods. Inspections of reinforced concrete chimneys built in 1950–1980 were carried out, including the study of design features and construction methods, analysis of operating conditions, visual inspection, as well as inspection of building structures using destructive and non-destructive testing methods. An analysis was carried out to identify the relationships between the design solutions of the reinforced concrete shaft and the current loads from the connected devices to the gas outlet shaft, affecting the internal and, as a consequence, the outer shell of reinforced concrete pipes, in connection with the transition to another type of fuel, which does not correspond to the chimney according to the project. An analysis of the occurrence of defects and modern methods for eliminating them were carried out.Results. It was established during the survey that with the occurrence of defects formed from the transition from solid to gaseous fuel, the load-bearing capacity of reinforced concrete chimneys is sharply reduced, which leads to the failure of structures. Modern methods of defect elimination cause greater destruction in terms of area, as they temporarily eliminate only the consequences, but do not eliminate the causes of defects in reinforced concrete chimneys. In this connection, there is a danger to the operation of technical devices connected to the chimneys, to the buildings in close proximity to the structures, as well as a danger to the life of the operating personnel.Conclusions. The results obtained allow us to reasonably speak about the ineffectiveness of modern methods of eliminating defects, which in turn has only a short-term effect and contributes to great destruction, leading structures to an emergency condition.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):32-44
32-44
Foundation of the turbine unit of a thermal power plant on a construction site made of thixotropic soils
Abstract
Introduction. Thermal power plants in Russia are the leading power generating complexes in comparison with other complexes of energy industry and due to their independence from the location of the energy source, they are often located on sites characterized by soils with unsatisfactory properties. A relevant example from the practice of construction in St. Petersburg on a construction site with thixotropic soils is considered.Materials and methods. Construction and operation of objects on sites with thixotropic soils attracts the attention of researchers and practitioners by their dependence on the impact of static and dynamic loads. Different methods of foundation construction (pile, slab, etc.) were proposed. The pile foundation design for an additional turbine unit of a thermal power plant in St. Petersburg, including two slabs with vibration isolators, is considered as an alternative.Results. The conducted research has shown that the presence of vibration isolators provides an opportunity to regulate the height position of the system “turbine unit – foundation”, as well as almost completely eliminates the transmission of vibrations to the ground (pile) foundation and adjacent building structures, including existing buildings. The performed geotechnical modelling (model “unit – baseplate – pile foundation” (dynamic calculation of the baseplate and static calculation of the pile foundation) and model “unit – pile foundation” (dynamic and static calculations of the pile foundation)) with the help of Plaxis 3D software package showed that the vibration level on the bottom plate of the structure and on the pile heads is many times (40 times) less than the level of 2 mm/s, at which it is necessary to take into account the reduction of the bearing capacity of the base of both the foundation itself and the adjacent ones.Conclusions. Despite the advantages of the alternative variant in terms of cost and volume, the risks associated with the alternative design induce to favour the design variant adopted in the design documentation.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):45-65
45-65
Development of sports infrastructure in the Russian Federation
Abstract
Introduction. The study focuses on the development of measures to improve the target indicators in the field of sports infrastructure construction in the Russian Federation by improving the state financial control at the planning stage. The object of the research is sports infrastructure facilities within the framework of the implementation of the state programme “Development of Physical Culture and Sports” (hereinafter — SP), and the factors affecting the development of sports environment in the Russian Federation are considered. An assessment of the state of sports infrastructure in Russia, within the framework of the implementation of the state programme “Development of Physical Culture and Sports” is given.Materials and methods. The study is based on the analysis of qualitative and quantitative indicators of the state of sports infrastructure in the Russian Federation.Results. The problems of delays in the implementation of state programmes are highlighted, as well as measures to reduce the risk of the deadlines for the commissioning of sports infrastructure facilities in the Russian Federation are proposed.Conclusions. The analysis allowed to identify factors that hinder the achievement of targets in the implementation of state programmes, as well as well as to formulate recommendations to improve efficiency in the planning and implementation of sports infrastructure facilities.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):66-74
66-74
Architecture. Reconstruction. Restoration. Creative concepts of architectural activity. Architectural design. Urban development. Urban management
Sustainable development of modern wineries: techniques and methods in architectural design
Abstract
Introduction. The principles of sustainable architecture are increasingly being recognized as a methodological approach to modern industrial architecture, particularly winery buildings. Consideration of topography, landscaping, passive design techniques and renewable energy sources contribute to sustainability and change the conventional appearance of winery buildings. The purpose of this paper is to identify architectural methods and techniques for designing sustainable modern winery buildings.Materials and methods. The paper analyses and identifies the methods and techniques used in the design of modern wineries built since 2015, the concept of which was based on the principles of sustainable development. The design materials of the selected building examples are obtained from the open access Internet. A literature review was conducted to clarify the existing research on the topic of sustainable development of wineries in the databases Scopus, Web of Science, in the scientific electronic eLibrary. The keywords “winery architecture”, “sustainable winery development” and “sustainable winery architecture” were used in the search. Relevant papers were analyzed.Results. Design solutions of modern winery buildings, the concept of which is based on the pursuit of sustainable development principles, are considered. The results of the research are presented in the form of identifying a number of basic architectural methods and techniques for improving the sustainability of a winery building. Recommendations for the design of winery buildings are given, which will be useful for practicing architects, and as a methodological approach in the experimental design of such buildings for students of architectural universities.Conclusions. The study of scientific papers and design materials of modern wineries, their analysis and comparison allowed us to identify a number of methods, techniques and recommendations to develop the sustainability of winery architecture. Long-term operational savings provided by each of the identified methods compensate for the initial costs of more expensive solutions.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):75-94
75-94
Architecture of Moscow clubhouses
Abstract
Introduction. The emergence of such a type of dwelling in the urban environment as a clubhouse is a natural trend in the development of modern society. The purpose of the paper is to identify the architectural characteristics, methods and techniques of their design.Materials and methods. The materials and methods of this study include methods of review, comparative analysis and synthesis on scientific, literary sources and design materials related to the architecture of clubhouses. We analyzed the projects of clubhouses in Moscow, presented on the open access Internet. The search of scientific literature was carried out in the scientific electronic eLibrary, in electronic databases Scopus, Web of Science, using the keywords “clubhouse”, “architecture of clubhouses”. On the basis of the analysis of design solutions of the considered Moscow clubhouses their main architectural characteristics were revealed.Results. Each clubhouse is unique, as it is built either according to an individual exclusive project, or is created on the basis of historically significant objects that have been reconstructed. However, the analysis of architectural solutions of the considered clubhouses allowed to determine the common features of this type of dwelling and to give recommendations for their design.Conclusions. Clubhouses are a material reflection of the social order for the development of a policy of humanization, ecologization and increasing the sustainability of habitat development. At the same time, it stimulates the process of property stratification of society. However, the high bar of architectural and artistic image of clubhouses enriches our living environment, filling it with new cultural meanings and aesthetic level. This sets a difficult but interesting task for architects — to use in mass housing construction at least elements of architectural solutions of clubhouses; to complement the monotonous residential development with a similar quality of architecture, which causes deep emotional impressions and broadcasts information about new housing standards.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):95-112
95-112
Ecological approaches to the formation of public riverside spaces as a tool for the development of water and green framework of Novokuznetsk city
Abstract
Introduction. Riverside spaces are complex objects that include geographic, ecological, economic and social systems. Previously, these territories were mostly used as part of industrial and logistics system, but recently more and more attention is paid to the creation of a comfortable urban environment. Therefore, in order to improve the state of the ecological environment, it is necessary to study the natural complexes of coastal areas to reduce anthropogenic load and restore natural potential. The purpose of the study is to identify the basic principles of the formation of public spaces in riverside areas using the example of an ecological park in Novokuznetsk as the core of the water-green urban framework (WGUF). After a thorough study of theoretical scientific works and analysis of the factors that determine priority areas for various types of eco-spaces, the following tasks are set: identification of problems and features of the formation of a specific territory and infrastructure of ecological parks as part of the WGUF while minimizing anthropogenic impact, in order to preserve the ecosystem and biodiversity; creation of a theoretical model of a natural-ecological framework; development of a conceptual solution for the formation of an ecological park as a significant natural core in the structure of the water-green framework of the city of Novokuznetsk.Materials and methods. The study was compiled based on the research of current data on the state of the territory of the city of Novokuznetsk. After analyzing the classifications of elements of the urban and ecological framework and public and recreational spaces, a theoretical model of the natural-ecological framework was developed.Results. A conceptual architectural and urban planning solution was developed based on the collected data on the coastal territory and ecosystem of Novokuznetsk and SWOT-analysis of the design site. The basic principles of the formation of public riverside spaces and methods of their development were identified, a model of the natural-ecological framework was developed, which is of independent scientific value and practical significance.Conclusions. The developed approaches simplify the design of environmental and public recreational spaces due to the emergence of a clear structure, the main influencing factors and principles for creating such elements in urban space.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):113-148
113-148
Building materials and products. Technologies for building materials production. Nanomaterials and nanotechnologies
Study of water consumption of dolomite aggregates for concrete under conditions of dry hot climate
Abstract
Introduction. The basic properties of carbonate aggregates, which are widely used in the manufacture of concrete mixtures working in conditions of elevated temperatures and reduced relative humidity, are considered. Concretes with carbonate aggregates have increased water demand, which is associated with their high water absorption, porous surface and different specific surface area. The methodology for determining the water demand of aggregate by ultrasonic and accelerated methods, which are performed on the same workability mixtures, is given. The obtained results are important indicators and in the future will be taken into account in the calculation of concrete mixture.Materials and methods. Portland cement CEM I 52.5H “HeidelbergCement” in accordance with GOST 31108–2020; dolomite crushed gravel (5–10 mm); and standard monofractional sand in accordance with GOST 6139–2020 were used in the study. The chemical analysis of Portland cement and dolomite aggregate was investigated on the Bruker S4 Pioneer and Bruker S8 Tiger X-ray analyzers. The mineralogical composition of Portland cement was determined on a Bruker D2 laser diffractometer. The water demand of dolomite coarse aggregate was determined by an ultrasonic method developed at the National Research University of Moscow State University of Civil Engineering. Also, the determination of water demand of fine aggregate was carried out by the accelerated method on the same workability mixtures with a diameter of cement paste mixing equal to 170 mm. Determining the average density in a lump in the cement paste of carbonate crushed stone (5–10 mm) was determined in accordance with GOST 9758–2012.Results. Carbonate aggregates are characterized by increased water absorption compared to other aggregates. It was found that the water demand of dolomite aggregate is 5.4 %, and the water absorption and content of dust and clay particles are within 2.6 and 2.95 %, respectively. It was found that the average density of dolomite crushed gravel grains determined in the cement paste was 2.5 g/cm3.Conclusions. In conditions of high temperatures and low relative humidity, the use of dolomite aggregates is especially relevant. However, concrete mixtures with carbonate aggregates have increased water demand due to high water absorption, porous surfaces, and different specific surface areas of the aggregates.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):149-165
149-165
Engineering systems. Exploitation of buildings. Problems of Housing and Communal Complex. Energy efficiency and energy saving. Safety of buildings and structures. Ecology
Methods for managing the life cycle of capital construction objects considering the impact of environmental and other types of risks
Abstract
Introduction. The methods of environmental impact optimization are presented, including: a graphical method for creating an area of acceptable impacts by solving linear programming problems; a model for the identification of hazardous impacts by the simplex method; a method of forming sustainable management systems of ecological safety of construction.Materials and methods. The methodology of environmental and risk management is based mainly on international management standards (Environmental management & Risk management). Using simple numerical examples, the possibilities of mathematical modelling of environmental loads at the stages of the life cycle of construction facilities are illustrated. The paper considers linear equations of action with constraints and with two variable factors of influence. If we pass to linear dependencies with three variable factors of influence, then they will describe a plane in the three-dimensional space of influence. The system of linear constraints represents a polyhedron as the area of permissible impacts in the three-dimensional impact space.Results. Studies conducted by the graphical method of constructing the area of permissible impacts when solving environmental problems of linear programming showed its effectiveness and clarity, compared to the results obtained by computational method. The most effective is the development of environmental safety management systems for construction related to waste sources, as well as the management of the composition and treatment of waste streams, in order to promote the prevention of waste generation, as well as the recovery and recycling of waste from the construction industry.Conclusions. An important area of development of methods is to increase the efficiency of resource use and reduce the cost of construction and operation of facilities. For this purpose, new technologies and materials will be used, as well as well as the processes of construction and operation of facilities will be optimized.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):166-177
166-177
Information systems and logistics in construction
Application of the kanban method to the analysis of project flow in a large contracting organization of the construction sector
Abstract
Introduction. Large contracting organizations in the construction sector are characterized by the presence of a significant number of simultaneously implemented projects, which complicates the work of companies and increases the requirements for the organization of well-coordinated work of all its departments. In this regard, it is advisable to use various production process management tools, as well as visual data analysis tools. The kanban method, originally developed for production management, has gained popularity in the IT industry, but its application in the construction industry remains poorly described in the scientific literature.Materials and methods. A project flow analysis of a large contracting organization specializing in the construction of utility networks was carried out using the kanban method.Results. The main metrics of the kanban system were calculated and diagrams were built based on data on the completed stages of project implementation in the company under consideration.Conclusions. The advantages and limitations of using the kanban method to manage the flow of construction projects in a large contracting organization are considered. Based on the results of the study, proposals for optimizing processes and improving the consistency of work in the context of an ever-increasing number of projects in large contractors in the construction sector are prepared.
Construction: science and education. 2024;14(2):178-194
178-194