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卷 9, 编号 5 (2019)

Article

Analysis of Long-Term Biological Data Series: Methodological Problems and Possible Solutions

Azovsky A.

摘要

Long-term (multiyear) series of biological data have some specific features. The analysis of such data is treated as a statistical problem of the extraction of long-term signal from the general variance, which is determined by a complex of factors. An attempt is made to systematize the key points that should be considered in this problem. The main sources of data variability are considered, including the temporal and spatial variability of various scales and methodical and statistical sources. The methodological approaches to the assessment of these effects and the corresponding data correction are briefly discussed. This requires careful and reasoned data preparation and the choice of the appropriate statistical model and analytical methods. Some of these approaches are illustrated by case studies. However, the problem is too complex to have a single, universal solution that is suitable for any situation.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):373-384
pages 373-384 views

The Renewing Species. A Common Population-Genetic Explanation of Species Phenomena for Sexual and Asexual Organisms

Pshenichnov A.

摘要

I suggest a common population genetic mechanism that explains persistence of biological species as consistently reproducing groups of similar organisms: genetic renewal due to genetic drift or selection, which restricts genetic diversity of populations. In contrast to concepts explaining species integrity via interbreeding, the concept of drift- and selection-induced genetic renewal explains species existence not only for sexually reproducing organisms, but also for asexual, or agamous, organisms. I redefine concepts of population, isolation and species in terms of genetic renewal. The proposed concept of renewing species develops Alan Templeton’s cohesion species concept.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):385-392
pages 385-392 views

Participation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Muscle Tissue Regeneration

Payushina O., Domaratskaya E., Sheveleva O.

摘要

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are considered universal regulators of tissue homeostasis. They are promising for the repair of skeletal muscles after injuries and diseases. Although the main participants of muscle regeneration are myosatellites, resident MSCs and those sent from the bone marrow in response to damage are also involved. MSCs are capable of myogenic differentiation and fusion with muscle cells. However, the paracrine secretion of regulatory molecules by MSCs is more important for regeneration. They promote the survival, proliferation, and differentiation of cells in the injured muscle. Factors secreted by MSCs affect all stages of the reparative process. This allows MSCs to be used for the complex delivery of bioactive molecules. The prospects for the use of MSCs were demonstrated in various experimental models of muscle damage, such as mechanical and chemical injuries, atrophy, ischemia, and genetically determined muscular dystrophy. Improvement of MSC delivery to the muscle can increase the efficiency of regeneration. Cell transplantation on artificial scaffolds makes it possible to achieve this goal. The ultrasound treatment of muscles also concentrates MSCs at the injury site. Magnetic cells delivery is another way to increase their concentration. The paracrine activity of MSCs can be enhanced via preconditioning with different stimuli, which changes the secretory profile of cells in the desired direction. Genetic modification of MSCs also increases their therapeutic potential. MSCs produce extracellular vesicles with regulatory molecules such as miRNAs. The use of these vesicles and molecules is a new area of regenerative medicine. MSC activation stimulates tissue regeneration due to internal reserves and can therefore be considered a tool of in vivo tissue engineering.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):393-402
pages 393-402 views

Wolbachia Infection in Flea Populations (Insecta: Siphonaptera)

Yudina M., Bykov R., Kotti B., Vysochina N., Stakheev V., Broshkov A., Zakharov I., Ilinsky Y.

摘要

Wolbachia are intracellular symbiotic bacteria of terrestrial arthropods and some nematodes. They are found in most insect orders; however, there are insufficient data on symbiont distribution patterns for some taxonomic groups. Here, we examined a collection of Siphonaptera species by conventional and nested polymerase chain reaction. A total of 722 specimens from 30 species were sampled in three regions of Russia: Southern Russia, Ural and the Far East. Wolbachia infection was found in half of the species, which confirmed previous data on the widespread nature of the infection in Siphonaptera. No statistical differences in Wolbachia incidence in flea species from Southern Russia and the Far East were detected, although species lists of these regions completely differed. We did not find totally infected flea species, although high infection rates were detected for Frontopsyllaelatabotis (64.5%) and Ctenophthalmuswagneri (66%) with sample size exceeding 30 specimens. Our results are in agreement with the data from other regions of the world. Combined data of our study and other authors indicate that Wolbachia symbionts are found in all 11 studied families of Siphonaptera and in 45 out of about 120 studied species in the world.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):403-411
pages 403-411 views

Differentiation of the Oral–Aboral Axis and Body Parts during Life Cycle Transitions in Scyphozoa

Sukhoputova A., Kraus Y., Kirillova A., Markov A.

摘要

Abstract—Differentiation of body axes during formation of primary body plan is one of the most fundamental processes in metazoan development. How did body axes emerge in the course of animal evolution? How did developmental processes associated with axes differentiation evolve? The basal metazoans, representatives of the phylum Cnidaria, are valuable objects for resolving these questions, since they have an evolutionarily simple body plan and only one (oral-aboral) body axis. The high abundance and diversity of the modes of asexual reproduction is an interesting feature of this group. In this review, we summarized the data on the establishment of primary body axis and differentiation of main morphological structures during asexual reproduction in representatives of the class Scyphozoa. We found that the relative orientation of the parental and offspring body axes varies significantly and depends on the mode of asexual reproduction, and that the same body parts of the offspring polyp or medusa can be formed from different parts of the parental organism. The high plasticity of scyphozoan developmental processes can be explained by assuming that various types of asexual reproduction evolved from regeneration processes in this group. To test this assumption, it is necessary to study the molecular mechanisms of differentiation of the primary body axis and the body parts during regeneration and asexual reproduction of scyphozoans.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):412-431
pages 412-431 views

Influence of Temperature on the Growth, Coenosarc Pulsations, and Hydroplasm Movement in the Colonial Hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758)

Dementyev V., Marfenin N.

摘要

The dependence of the growth and functioning of the transport system of colonial organisms on water temperature has been studied. Time-lapse microvideo recording was used to measure the coenosarc pulsations of the stolon and shoot in the colonial hydroid Dynamena pumila (L., 1758) reared in seawater at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 28°C. As a result, it was possible to determine that microvideo recording of coenosarc pulsations made it possible to track the colony reaction to temperature change for 2 h. The reaction of growth pulsations, lateral pulsations, and hydroplasmtic flows to the changes in the water temperature turned out to be nonlinear. The reaction of the stolon to the changes in the water temperature was more pronounced than those in the shoot. The optimal temperature range was 10–20°C, which displayed the highest growth rate, the most intensive hydroplasm movements, and the largest volume of transferred hydroplasm. At 28°C, the pulsations of the stolon coenosarc became unstable, the growth tended to slow, and the hydroplasm movements were less active. Consequently, according to the results of analysis of coenosarc pulsations, the upper temperature limit of normal life activity for D. pumila colonies inhabiting the White Sea was 25–28°C.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):432-452
pages 432-452 views

Local Population of Eritrichium caucasicum as an Object of Mathematical Modelling. III. Population Growth in the Random Environment

Logofet D., Kazantseva E., Belova I., Onipchenko V.

摘要

In the former two parts (Logofet et al., 2017, 2018), we reported on a matrix model for a local population of Eritrichium caucasicum, a herbaceous short-lived perennial, at high altitudes of north-western Caucasus. The model was constructed and calibrated in accordance with the observations on permanent plots in the period 2009–2014. The temporal variability of the data predetermined the temporal variations among the vital rates of the local population, too,—the elements of the “annual” matrices that project the vector, x(t), of the stage structure observed at the year t to the similar vector observed at the year t + 1. Quantitative measure of the local population fitness was calculated as the dominant eigenvalue, λ1(G), of the matrix G—the pattern-geometric average of five annual matrices—and it turned out to be greater than 1, i.e., gave a positive forecast of the population viability. After the expansion of the time series with the 2015–2017 data (presented in this article), the forecast has reversed, although the corresponding offset in λ1(G) has not been more than 16%. An alternative mode of prediction is based on the (upper and lower) estimates of the stochastic growth rate (λS) of the population in a random environment, which has been formed in the model by a random choice from 8 annual matrices distributed equally probable and independent of the choice made at the previous step. All the estimates of λS turn out to be lower than λ1(G), hereby confirming the negative viability prediction; however, a too simple model of the random environment needs further development and links to potential changes in the local habitat.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):453-464
pages 453-464 views

Microbiome Affects the Adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to a High NaCl Concentration

Ivnitsky S., Maximova I., Panchenko P., Dmitrieva A., Kachalkin A., Kornilova M., Perfilieva K., Markov A.

摘要

Symbiotic microbes affect many aspects of the life of multicellular organisms and may favor their adaptation to a changing environment, but there is little direct experimental evidence of such a contribution. To assess the possible role of the microbiome in the adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to a high-NaCl feed substrate, we used two laboratory lines of salt-adapted flies (C1, C2) and two control lines cultivated on a standard feed without salt (H1, H2). We have already shown that the presowing of homogenate of flies C1 on the surface of a saline feed increases the breeding efficiency and enhances the development of drosophila larvae in comparison with a homogenate of H1 flies. We repeated this experiment for lines C2 and H2 and obtained similar data, which proves the reproducibility of the revealed effect. In addition, we found contrasting differences in the number and taxonomic composition of yeast in drosophila homogenates of the salt-adapted and control lines. The results correspond to the assumption that changes in the symbiotic microbiome, including its yeast component, may contribute to the adaptation of drosophila to unfavorable feed substrates. The possible evolutionary consequences of such a contribution are discussed in this work.

Biology Bulletin Reviews. 2019;9(5):465-474
pages 465-474 views