Anisotropy of properties in metal materials fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)
- Authors: Kirichek A.V.1, Soloviev D.L.2, Yashin A.V.2, Silantyev S.A.2, Aborkin A.V.2, Novikov M.A.1
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Affiliations:
- Bryansk State Technical University
- Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs
- Issue: Vol 27, No 4 (2025)
- Pages: 206-220
- Section: MATERIAL SCIENCE
- URL: https://bakhtiniada.ru/1994-6309/article/view/356671
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.17212/1994-6309-2025-27.4-206-220
- ID: 356671
Cite item
Abstract
Introduction. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, particularly wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), offer a rapid and cost-effective approach for producing complex metal components. However, WAAM can induce anisotropy in the resulting material's physical and mechanical properties. This anisotropy must be considered in design and application to ensure reliable performance in service. The purpose of the work. This study aims to quantitatively assess the anisotropy of mechanical properties in materials produced by WAAM to enhance the reliability of components used in critical applications. Research methodology. Samples were fabricated from low-carbon alloyed steel (0.08 C-2 Mn-1 Si), stainless steel (0.04 C-19 Cr-9 Ni), and aluminum alloy (97 Al-3 Mg) using the WAAM process. These samples were then subjected to mechanical testing to determine their tensile and impact toughness and hardness. Results were compared to those of the materials in the initial state to determine the relative anisotropy of each property. Results and discussion. For 0.08 C-2 Mn-1 Si steel, the tensile strength of WAAM-fabricated samples exhibited minimal variation across different orientations, indicating relatively high isotropy (relative anisotropy of 1.3 %). A relative anisotropy of 33 % was observed for elongation, 21 % for impact toughness, and 16 % for hardness. The 0.04 C-19 Cr-9 Ni stainless steel exhibited a relative anisotropy of 15.1 % for tensile strength, 244 % for elongation, 33 % for impact toughness, and 4% for hardness. The 97 Al-3 Mg aluminum alloy showed a significant relative anisotropy in tensile strength (83.6 %) and relative elongation (513 %) due to differences in the “vertical” direction. Impact toughness exhibited only slight variations (28 %) depending on sample orientation, while hardness can be considered isotropic. In general, hardness demonstrated the lowest relative anisotropy, while elongation exhibited the highest.
About the authors
Andrey V. Kirichek
Bryansk State Technical University
Email: avkbgtu@gmail.com
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3823-0501
SPIN-code: 6910-0233
Scopus Author ID: 6506677389
ResearcherId: AAQ-9985-2020
D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor
Russian Federation, 241035, Russian Federation, Bryansk, 7 50 Let Oktyabrya Bul.Dmitry L. Soloviev
Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs
Author for correspondence.
Email: murstin@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4475-319X
Scopus Author ID: 6603827038
ResearcherId: O-8393-2015
D.Sc. (Engineering), Professor
Russian Federation, 600000, Russian Federation, Vladimir, 87 Gorkogo str.Alexander V. Yashin
Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs
Email: yashin2102@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3186-1300
SPIN-code: 3473-4047
Scopus Author ID: 36816597400
ResearcherId: F-8330-2017
Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor
Russian Federation, 600000, Russian Federation, Vladimir, 87 Gorkogo str.Sergey A. Silantyev
Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs
Email: ppdsio@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3524-385X
SPIN-code: 2686-4678
Scopus Author ID: 59747487400
Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor
Russian Federation, 600000, Russian Federation, Vladimir, 87 Gorkogo str.Artemy V. Aborkin
Vladimir State University named after Alexander and Nikolay Stoletovs
Email: aborkin@vlsu.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4979-7164
SPIN-code: 9617-7413
Scopus Author ID: 57189059617
ResearcherId: K-8968-2013
Ph.D. (Engineering), Associate Professor
Russian Federation, 600000, Russian Federation, Vladimir, 87 Gorkogo str.Maxim A. Novikov
Bryansk State Technical University
Email: NovikovMax14@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0009-0000-7552-312X
SPIN-code: 1355-7688
ResearcherId: P-6142-2017
Scientific associate
Russian Federation, 241035, Russian Federation, Bryansk, 7 50 Let Oktyabrya Bul.References
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Supplementary files
Note
Funding
The research was carried out with the support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, as part of the basic part of the state assignment of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation under project No. FZWR-2024-0003 (No. 075-00150-24-03) “Development of a technological strategy and theoretical and experimental study of the key elements of the technology of additive synthesis of metal wire parts using the 3DMP method and wave thermo-deformation strengthening of synthesized machine parts”.
