No 5 (2023): История и филология

The formation and development of the Belarusian State University in the process of formation of the modern Belarusian state is analyzed. The special role of the Russian scientific community in the training of university personnel, the creation of scientific schools, and the formation of academic mobility is noted. The authors consider the stages of bilateral cooperation, characterize their constants and peculiarities. The conclusion is made about the constant mutually beneficial development of relations throughout the XX century, the search and implementation of new forms of cooperation after the formation of the statehood of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation.

The paper is devoted to the creation and activities of pro-Soviet student organizations, which began to form in Europe since the early 1920s. The largest organizations of pro-Soviet students were located in Czechoslovakia, Germany, France and Austria, where there were the most favorable conditions for education, initially they had no common organization and acted on their own initiative. Most of these unions sought to establish relations with representatives of Soviet organizations. For its part, the Soviet leadership sought to use these unions for political purposes to disunite emigrant circles in Europe, but during the 1920s the position of the Soviet side was transformed towards the training of professional personnel for the USSR.

The paper presents new data on iron production in Eastern Fennoscandia during the Early Iron Age, second half of the I millennium BC – beginning of the I millennium AD. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the mass production of raw iron in this region began no later than the IV – III centuries BC. Three main types of kilns were used: a stone box kiln, a pit kiln, and a kiln made of stones and clay. Kilns of the first and second types are the earliest, while the kilns of the third type began to be used towards the end of the Early Iron Age. Perhaps, they were structurally similar to medieval iron-making kilns. Kilns of the first and third types have traces of multiple uses. Iron production sites in Eastern Fennoscandia were often located outside the settlements, with many found on hills or near water reservoirs to take advantage of the wind to fan the flames. Ceramic nozzle tubes found at some sites suggest the use of artificial air supply in the second half of the I millennium BC for iron smelting or forging. The paper also suggests that flat-bottomed, bucket-shaped asbestos vessels may have been used to harden iron tools during the Early Iron Age. These vessels were made of refractory clay and asbestos fibers and could have been used as crucibles where iron objects were carbonized by heating to high temperatures in contact with charcoal. Finally, it is noted that in winter, iron forging was carried out in dwellings where the metal was heated in domestic hearths. In summer, large kilns made of vertically placed stone plates were used for this purpose, as evidenced by the Tomitsa site on the western shore of Onega Lake.

In the Moscow Kingdom in the XVII century, a lot of work was carried out to search for ore and non-metallic minerals. Such searches also took place in the Arctic zone of the European Northeast of Russia - in the Bolshezemelskaya and Malozemelskaya tundras and adjacent forest areas, as well as on the islands of the Arctic Ocean which were part of the Pustozersky Uyezd (Novaya Zemlya, Vaigach and other islands). The paper describes 14 expeditions carried out in the 1620s-1680s, that surveyed the vast territories of the Arctic zone and studied in detail the Tsilma river basin in search of significant deposits of copper ores. During the expeditions, the places of occurrence of minor deposits of copper and silver ores, as well as deposits of mica and rock crystal, were discovered.

The paper, based on the archival sources, deals with the period of Russian colonization of the Hawaiian Islands, reasons for its beginning and end. Furthermore, the paper considers the colonial policy of the Russian Empire in general, gives the factors that influenced colonization and formulates its main contradiction. The beginning of the paper describes the situation in the North Pacific region of the early XIX century, which, it would seem, favored the colonial development of the Russian Empire. The period of Russian colonization of the Hawaiian Islands, which was conducted under the leadership of Dr. Georg Schaeffer and ended in failure, is described. Then the reasons for the negative reaction of the Russian government to Schaeffer’s activity and the refusal of further claims to the Hawaiian Islands are considered, which, among other things, was influenced by the alleged main contradiction of the colonial policy of the Russian Empire – the creation of a Russian-American Company modeled on the colonial companies of other empires, but at the same time they treated their colonies as a kind of buffer zone at their borders, which may have led, ultimately, to the loss of these lands.

The paper, based on a wide range of archival and printed sources, reveals unknown details of the well-known liberal and genealogist Prince Pyotr Dolgorukov's stay in Vyatka exile in 1843-1844. Errors and distortions of Alexander Herzen's memories of the prince are shown. Assumptions are made about Dolgorukov's publications in Vyatka of that epoch.

In the Russian intellectual space of the last quarter of the XIX – early XX centuries the North of the European part of the country was increasingly recognized as a special historical and cultural area. Remaining as before in the position of colonized outskirts with a huge but still unclaimed economic potential, now the North has begun to arouse interest of a different kind. In the reign of Alexander III, its political and strategic importance was realized; moreover, with the advent of the first railways in the region, it became much more accessible for travel than before. As a result, in the 1890s a specific northern discourse was being formed in journalism. A key role in this process was played by the travel notes of the Arkhangelsk governor A.P. Engelhardt (1897), in which the nomination "Russian" was used for the first time in relation to the North, although not in an ethnic, but in a political sense. In constructing the image of the region, ideas about its "abandonment", isolation were also used. The North was portrayed as a territory that passed the peak of its development in the XVI–XVII centuries, and then became more and more isolated from the rest of Russia, primarily due to the shift in trade and transport communications. By the 1910s, among the discursive dominants, the notion of the social and cultural identity of the North and the national significance of the monuments of its antiquity, as a heritage that was under the threat of extinction, was also entrenched.

A special group of "Northern" narratives were evidence left by artists – in travel notes, short stories, autobiographies. In particular, A.A. Borisov, V.V. Perepletchikov, I.E. Grabar’ and, earlier than the others, V.V. Vereshchagin wrote about the North. An essay of the latter "On the Northern Dvina. On the wooden churches" (1895), considered in the paper, is an example of the author's construction of the image of the region.

The paper presents an analysis of the organization of veterinary service in the late XIX – early XX centuries in the Vologda province, one of the largest agrarian regions of Russia with a pronounced dairy specialization of animal husbandry and developed processing of raw materials. The basis of the work was the analysis of the sources of the State Archive of the Vologda region. Most archival documents are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time and allow us to identify the main directions in the formation of veterinary structures, staffing and salaries of employees. The paper analyzes the history of the creation in 1898 of the "Northern United Society of Veterinarians", which was quite an innovative measure to coordinate veterinary forces not only for the region, but also for the whole of Russia. Comparison of the basic problems of the formation of the veterinary branch in the Vologda province revealed the problems characteristic of the European North as a whole. These are, first of all, the extremely slow pace of development of the industry, low technological literacy of the population, weak financial support from the provincial authorities and self-government bodies. At the beginning of the XX century there were certain positive changes in the dynamics of the branch, which manifested themselves until the outbreak of the First World War.

The paper provides a historiographical analysis of the points of view of modern Russian authors regarding the understanding of the problems of the reformation of the education sector in the era of late Imperial modernization. The variants of using various interpretive models used in the study of the last attempt in the Imperial history to reorganize the education system are analyzed. Conclusions are made about the ambiguity of interpretations of the transformations of the system of public education system in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries, and the presence of significant historiographical gaps necessitating further study of the identified topics in order to conduct a more thorough analysis of the transformations of the governments of S.Yu. Witte and P.A. Stolypin in the sociocultural sphere.

The paper describes the educational activities of Hairetdin Bolganbaev, prominent figure of the national educational movement "Alash". At the beginning of the XX century, the leaders of Alash wanted the people to be engaged in education, at least every Kazakh should receive primary education. The Kazakh intelligentsia first studied at a madrasah, then at a seminary, university. They got acquainted with the works of world classics and broadened their horizons. They realized that "a conscious generation is a bright future". Therefore, one of the main issues raised by the Alash intelligentsia was education. Extensive information is given about the activities of H.Bolganbaev who supports the ideas of Alash and works together with the intelligentsia of the nation. In his articles he touched upon the problems that arose in the field of education in Kazakh society at the beginning of the last century. His work published in the newspaper "Ak Zhol" is presented.

The paper considers the most important indicator of changes in property relations – the mental vision of participants in production processes about it. The key importance in this plot is the formation of a sense of ownership, which arises when it is actually possible to own and dispose of production capital and the product of labor, and grows stronger in the absence of legal responsibility for their actions. The paper examines such categories of the Soviet population as factory directors, collective farm chairmen, foremen and workers. Based on the materials of memoirs, folklore and ethnographic records, the dynamics of the formation of the sense of ownership, its main features are shown.

As a result, the author comes to conclusions about the most clearly formed sense of ownership among the directors of state industrial enterprises, which is associated with their appointment to positions from above and the principle of unity of command introduced into management practice. The sense of ownership seemed more latent among the chairmen of collective farms, who were elected and feared the condemnation of ordinary collective farmers. A certain increase in the sense of ownership was observed among the foremen, which was associated with the managerial function, and the leaders of production, who were the direct producers of the product.

The presented research is based on an extensive source base, including materials of the management activities of the German occupation administration and collaborationist structures, characterizing the forced sending of Taganrog residents to forced labor in Germany, including those from the funds of the Taganrog Branch of the State Archive of the Rostov Region. Within the framework of the proposed paper, a systemic reconstruction of the social and managerial mechanism created by the Nazi administration in occupied Taganrog was carried out, aimed at the constant implementation of the forced displacement of the civilian population to Germany for subsequent work, localized in a differentiated system of local economic institutions. Systemic processes related to the official registration of Soviet citizens at the labor exchange, the formation of group lists of displaced persons, their preliminary distribution according to the stated requests of potential employers were consistently reflected. The study also identified specific representatives of the occupation administration and collaborationist structures directly involved in the forced displacement of the civilian population of Taganrog to the Third Reich.

The relevance of the research is connected with the need to solve the scientific problem of a systematic understanding of the social structure of Russian society in the 1950s–1980s. In this context, the topic of the social structure of production teams, which were the most important institution of the economic system of the USSR, is currently practically unexplored. The aim of the research is to formulate the main problematic issues related to the study of the historical processes of formation and development of the social structure of production teams in Russia during this period. Production teams are considered as production societies, characterized by their inherent system of internal relations and included in higher-order systems of relations. A wide body of sources is used as the source base of the research, including archival materials introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. As a result, a number of theses have been formulated, further development of which is important for studying the problem posed: on the polystructural nature of the social structure of production units, the influence of the informal system of checks and balances in the party-economic management of enterprises, the peculiarities of the functioning of the Soviet economic system, the heterogeneity of industrial enterprises according to various criteria.

The paper is devoted to the prominent Komi scientist, the first Doctor of Historical Sciences in the Komi Republic, Ya.N. Beznosikov who made a major contribution to the study of the history of culture of the European North-East, to the development of humanitarian academic and university science in the region. It is concluded that the works of Ya.N.Beznosikov can be considered the foundation of regional historical cultural studies in the Komi Republic, and the scientist himself - its founder. Some biographical information is provided.