Том 23, № 1 (2023)
Articles
Russian travelers of the XVII century about the osteries of Italian cities
Аннотация
The article discusses the description of the osteria of Italian cities by Russian travelers of the XVII century – stolnik P. A. Tolstoy and boyar B. P. Sheremetev. Only in the travel notes of stolnik P. A. Tolstoy is a detailed description of the osteria given. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that the entries of the travel diaries of Russian travelers of the XVII century and their actual tour contributed to the active penetration of such an institution into the everyday life of Russia.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):4-11
4-11
“Without division, it’s faster, but you will take a lot of sin on your soul”. A complex peasant family in the Russian Empire in the 19th century: Main development trends
Аннотация
Complex families are one of the variants of a household that combines several married couples. For a number of reasons, such families enjoyed the support of the state, landlords and the peasant community for a long time. However, after the Great Reforms, complex families began to transform under the influence of socio-economic processes. The article assesses the prevalence of a complex family among the peasant population of the Russian Empire and its changes in the second half of the 19th century.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):12-16
12-16
Alexei Sergeyevich Bartenev: The Becoming a Medievalist in the development context of the Soviet Dissertation Culture
Аннотация
In this article the formation of A. S. Bartenev as a medieval scholar is considered against a broad background of institutional changes and reform of the system of higher education and postgraduate studies in the USSR in the second half of the 1920s – first half of the 1930s. The development of the system of academic training in the field of medieval studies took place under the direct influence of the scholars of the “old” school, who sought to adapt the traditional requirements for qualifying essays to the new conditions. Thus, they established continuity in the development of science.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):17-23
17-23
Military command and inertia of consciousness: The Roman warlords in the face of emperor’s power
Аннотация
The article discusses some aspects of the participation of the Roman nobility of the Principate period in providing the military command of the empire. This issue is being investigated in connection with the problem of the inertia of the aristocratic consciousness, which manifested itself in the desire of representatives of the Roman nobility for military glory. It is concluded that the military command in the early Roman Empire, having become an imperial prerogative, continued to be an expression of aristocratic identity. The reciprocal attitude to these searches on the part of the princeps was also largely due not only to the vitality of social practices inherited from the previous period, but also to a similar inertia of consciousness.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):24-30
24-30
Political and gender aspects of Mary Tudor’s rise to power and rule
Аннотация
The article examines the conditions of the coming to power of the English Queen Mary Tudor and the peculiarities of her reign, including from the point of view of gender aspects. It is shown that, while condemning Mary I Tudor for her adherence to Catholicism, many historians do not mention the positive aspects of her short reign of England. Mary Tudor came to power at a difficult time for the Kingdom. Having no experience of governing the country, Maria brought the statesmen who had recently opposed her closer to her. Catholicism in England has once again become the state religion. The Queen carried out a number of successful financial reforms, largely laying the foundations for the rule of her successor, Elizabeth I. The policy of rapprochement with the Habsburgs, which culminated in the creation of the Anglo-Spanish Union, was also of no small importance for the country. Maria Tudor made many decisions under the influence of her Spanish spouse, which corresponded to the gender perceptions of that time.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):31-37
31-37
The Battle on the River Boyne in 1690 (based on the English, the Scottish and the Irish Sourses)
Аннотация
The article is devoted to the battle on the river Boyne (July 1, 1690) – one of the largest battles of the War of the League of Augsburg and the largest battle in the history of Ireland. The conflict was caused by a clash between two crowned rivals – James II Stuart, who was overthrown during the “Glorious Revolution” of 1688–1689 in England, and Prince of Orange – statholder of the Netherlands, who seized the British throne and proclaimed himself King William III of Britain. The author of the article sought to draw on materials from both opposing sides, as well as those contemporaries who took a neutral position. On the basis of these sources the ratio of forces of the Jacobites and the Orangists, their preliminary preparation for the general battle and its planning, and finally, the course of the battle itself and its results are studied.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):38-44
38-44
Emigration of British minors to Canada: Reasons for resettlement from Great Britain
Аннотация
The article examines the circumstances of emigration of children from Great Britain in the XIX–ХХ centuries based on the material of the sources. It is proved that the resettlement was caused by the pauperization of the urban population in the conditions of industrialization. In Canada, minors could be adopted or work on farms, as servants, receiving maintenance and wages. The children had to go to school. It was a prerequisite. Children’s emigration made it possible to fill the labor shortage in Canada, help in the development of the British periphery, strengthen the ties of the metropolis and overseas possessions. Emigration was also the deportation of an overweight population and juvenile delinquents. The lack of proper supervision has led to child abuse and exploitation. The author concludes, that the majority of British migrant children have adapted to Canada, have been given the opportunity to self-actualize.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):45-52
45-52
How to build Jerusalem? In search of the evolution of ways to privatize the sacred and the secular
Аннотация
The author suggests that since Jerusalem has become one of the model cities for European consciousness (along with Rome and partly Athens), its legacy manifests itself in the invariable correlation of the systems created by politicians and their cultural protégés with those described in the Old and New Testaments. The model archetypal state was compared not only with Caesar’s Rome and the power of Alexander the Great, but primarily with the Israel of David and Solomon, despite its fragility. This comparison provided a very reliable and longterm perspective for the future. The rulers themselves were forced to focus on these two exemplary monarchs. At the same time, there were no attempts to correlate their state with post-Hasmonean Israel, since Dostoevsky’s question about the relationship of spiritual and secular power was already too acute for many medieval states.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):53-60
53-60
The conspiracy of Denmark Vesey: Causes and prerequisites
Аннотация
This article considers one of the most significant events in African–American history – the Charleston slave Conspiracy of 1822. The author focuses on the causes and prerequisites of this phenomenon, which are divided into 5 groups (political, socio-cultural, socio-economic, demographic and personal motives). Subjecting each of them to a critical analysis, he comes to the conclusion that it is impossible to attribute the Denmark Vesey conspiracy to typical slave uprisings. The source base of the research is the materials of the trial, testimonies and newspaper publications of that time.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):61-70
61-70
The image of Cu Chulainn in the Irish historical memory in the Gaelic revival in the 19th–20th centuries
Аннотация
This article is devoted to the analysis of the representation of the image of Cu Сhulainn in the Irish historical memory in the Gaelic revival. The author reveals the image of a mythical character from the Ulster cycle. The researcher revealed the meaning of the hero in the works of W. B. Yeats. Cu Сhulainn became a national hero and became a symbol of Irish identity. And the legends served as an ideological basis for the development of nationalism and the struggle of the Irish for the independence of the country.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):71-78
71-78
The factor of the Canarian archipelago in the contexts of pacification Francoist Spain and hegemonic competition (1940–1942)
Аннотация
This article is devoted to highlighting the international problems of the initial period of World War II that arose around the status of Gibraltar and the Canary Islands. Spain maintained military-political neutrality in the war. The countries participating in the armed conflict (USA, Great Britain, Nazi Germany) tried to use the territories belonging to Spain to their advantage. In 1941–1942 the British leadership developed several options for subordinating the Canary Islands to the UK. The article deals with operations Bugler, Chatney, Puma and Pilgrim. The author analyzes the features of these projects and the reasons that did not allow them to be implemented. The attention is focused on the different positions of the USA and Great Britain on the status of Spain and the Canaries. The contradictions between the allied powers allowed Spain to save the Canary archipelago. The article concludes that the British strategy was flawed because it diverted large forces needed on other fronts of the world confrontation.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):79-87
79-87
Governor of Saratov Vasily Vasilyevich Neledinsky (1655–1657)
Аннотация
The article for the first time presents a detailed biography of the governor of Saratov, Vasily Vasilyevich Neledinsky. This serviceman from the fatherland in his youth became a tenant at the court of Mikhail Romanov, and after 20 years he was transferred to the Moscow nobles. He received his first voivodship appointment in the Ket prison in Siberia, then participated in the suppression ofthe uprising in Novgorod and Pskov, and served as governor in Rylsk. Atthe beginning of the Russian-Polish war in 1654, Vasily Neledinsky fought in the north-western direction in the regiment of the boyar V. P. Sheremetev, and in 1655 was sent as governor to Saratov. Particular attention in the article is paid to the Saratov service of V. V. Neledinsky.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):88-100
88-100
At the origins of the Saratov zemstvo statistics: L. S. Lichkov
Аннотация
Of great importance in the economic activities of the zemstvos was statistical work on determining the socio-economic condition of peasant households, which were the basis of the country’s productive forces. Zemstvo statisticians independently developed and improved the methodology for conducting them. L. S. Lichkov, who was one of the first to join the ranks of Zemstvo statisticians, made his contribution to it. The paper attempts to analyze methods for obtaining primary data, methods for processing them, methods for grouping digital material that were proposed by him. His practical activities as the head of the Zemstvo statistical service of the Saratov gubernia are also considered. The author concludes that the methodology for collecting and processing statistical material, which he proposed and used in his work, was relatively effective and, in general, made it possible to obtain complete and reliable information about the peasant community. Heading the Saratov statistics, L. S. Lichkov brought it into the category of advanced ones.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):101-105
101-105
Missionary activity of the co-religionist clergy of the Samara province in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century
Аннотация
The article presents an overview of the activities of the co–religionist clergy in the context of the struggle of the Russian Orthodox Church with the Old Believer schism in the Samara province of the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The co-faith is considered as a missionary platform, on the basis of which it became possible for Old Believers to reunite with Orthodoxy on the conditions of preserving the pre-Canonical liturgical practice. During the pre-revolutionary period, the diocesan authorities developed a certain strategy in relation to the coreligionism, which contributed to its spread in the province, and actively involved the co-religionist clergy in anti-schismatic activities. The article analyzes the forms and methods of missionary service of co-religionists, provides statistical information reflecting the successes of the “Orthodox Old Believers” in countering the schism in the Samara province. The main source base of the study was archival documents and materials of official missionary reports.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):106-115
106-115
Public education in Tsaritsyn–Stalingrad in 1917–1929: Formation, difficulties, results N
Аннотация
The article analyzes the process of formation and development of public education in Tsaritsyn-Stalingrad from 1917(from the creation of the state commission for education in Soviet Russia) to the end of the 1920s (the results achieved in the eradication of illiteracy among the urban population, its vocational training). The activities of the city council and the section of public education are highlighted, difficulties in eliminating illiteracy, creating the material and technical base of educational institutions, and training qualified personnel are identified.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):116-121
116-121
Construction of defensive fortifications on the territory of the Saratov region during the Great Patriotic War
Аннотация
In the article the author addresses one of the little-studied issues of the history of the Great Patriotic War in regional historiography. The construction of defensive lines on the territory of the Saratov region, which was located for a long time in the near rear of the Soviet-German front, was carried out for a year and a half, took on a large spatial scale and required large-scale expenditures of human and material resources. From the autumn of 1941 until March 1943, six field-type defense lines with a total length of over 600 kilometers were built in the region. It is shown that the Saratov defensive lines were part of a general deep-echeloned system of fortifications designed to cover the main strategic areas, economic and administrative centers of the country. The organization and progress of the construction of defensive fortifications on the outskirts of Saratov, the nature and extent of the participation of special units of the Red Army and the local population in it are considered. The question is raised about the expediency of erecting protective lines on the territory of the region, the validity of the construction period.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):122-130
122-130
M. E. Belyaeva: The main milestones of life and scientific and pedagogical activity
Аннотация
The article examines the life path and the main results of the scientific and pedagogical activity of the Candidate of Historical Sciences, associate professor of the Department of History of the Middle Ages of Saratov State University M. E. Belyaeva (1942–2017). The materials of the historian’s personal file stored in the university archive are involved.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):131-135
131-135
On the role of the Czechoslovak Corps in the Expansion of the Civil War in Russia
Аннотация
The book by M. A. Vasilchenko reveals the degree of participation of soldiers and officers of the Czechoslovak Corps at the initial stage of the Civil War in the Volga region. The monograph traces the process of transformation of Czech units from an integral part of the Russian army into a national military formation pursuing narrow national interests in the conditions of Civil War. The author introduces the concept of “autonomization” into scientific circulation, which is successful enough to describe this process. Vasilchenko attracts a wide range of sources that have not been introduced into scientific circulation, explores the interaction of the corps command with anti-Bolshevik forces. The monograph significantly complements not only the history of the Czechoslovak Corps, but also reveals little-known aspects of the Civil War in the Volga region. The review comments on the need to more clearly outline the author’s attitude to the object and subject of research, as well as the need for a more extended generalization, as well as wishes for further development of the scientific direction.
Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations. 2023;23(1):136-139
136-139