Current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of intestinal dysbiosis for prevention of surgical complications

This review analyzed Russian and international studies focused on intestinal dysbiosis in patients with functional colonic stoma. Moreover, it evaluated current approaches to the diagnosis and treatment of intestinal dysbiosis to prevent complications. Dysbiosis, defined as an imbalance of the intestinal microflora, is a significant concern for patients with colonic stomas, as surgery modifies intestinal anatomy and physiological functions, thereby affecting the composition and functional activity of the microbiota. Dysbiosis can worsen the postoperative period and reduce the patient’s quality of life. A colonic stoma may be an unavoidable consequence of various diseases, such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel disease, and injury. Such an outcome can result in dysbiosis caused by altered intestinal content passage, impaired motility, and local inflammatory processes. A comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying dysbiosis in patients with functional colonic stoma and its clinical symptoms, diagnostic approaches, and strategies allows for improving the quality of medical care for this patient population and the implementation of personalized approaches to dysbiosis prevention and treatment. The role of microbiota in maintaining intestinal homeostasis and its effect on overall health were emphasized. Furthermore, the review covers available diagnostic techniques, including fecal microbiology, molecular genetic methods, and metagenomic analysis, which provide an accurate assessment of the microflora. Potential complications associated with dysbiosis are highlighted. Various strategies for the treatment of dysbiosis have been proposed, including metabiotics and autologous fecal microbiota transplantation. Available assessments and individualized treatment strategies have been shown to improve the quality of medical care for patients with functional colonic stomas and prevent complications.