Role of microbiome in development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis (review)

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Abstract

Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a disturbed response to infection. Its development is preceded by systemic inflammatory response syndrome, which is the overall inflammatory response of the body to severe lesions. The role of opportunistic pathogens in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis may be known, but the value of the intestinal microbiome remains underestimated in this context.

Experimental models are widely employed to study the role of the microbiome in the development of sepsis. Animal models of sepsis are created by disrupting the barrier function of the host intestine through cecal ligation/puncture, installation of an ascending bowel stent, and intraperitoneal feces injection. Toxemia is reproduced by the injection of lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans, lipoteichoic acid, CpG DNA, zymosan, and synthetic lipopeptides.

The review systematized data on the role of the cell wall or membrane components of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, which are representatives of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.

About the authors

Tatyana I. Khomyakova

Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology

Author for correspondence.
Email: tatkhom@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3451-1952

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

Russian Federation, 3 Tsyurupa street, 117418 Moscow

Yuri N. Khomyakov

Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology

Email: khomyakovyuri@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0540-252X
Scopus Author ID: 6602074139
ResearcherId: ACY-0748-2022

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.), Dr. Sci. (Biol.)

Russian Federation, 3 Tsyurupa street, 117418 Moscow

Olga V. Makarova

Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology

Email: makarov.olga2013@yandex.ru
ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8581-107X

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

Russian Federation, 3 Tsyurupa street, 117418 Moscow

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2. Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the cell wall of a Gram-positive bacterium (according to [40]).

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3. Fig. 2. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) interact with various membrane-bound and cytosolic receptors in the host cell. LPS ― lipopolysaccharide; PG ― peptidoglycan; LTA ― lipoteichoic acid; TLR ― toll-like receptor; NOD ― nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing protein; NAIP ― protein that inhibits NOD-like receptor apoptosis; HBP ― heptose-1,7-bisphosphate; ALPK1 ― alpha kinase-1 (quoted from [43]).

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