Том 42, № 5 (2017)

The analysis is given of the present situation and current preparedness of available approaches to the implementation of the Roshydromet concept of the improvement of environmental pollution monitoring system taking into account differences in goals and objectives that different components of this system should achieve at the federal, regional, and local levels. The structure and functional scheme of the National environmental pollution monitoring system is discussed. The approximate allocation of functions is put forward among the monitoring system components of different levels as well as the distribution of responsibilities and powers among stakeholders to ensure the implementation of these functions. The key issues of establishing an integrated monitoring system are discussed. The network-centric approach to the system management organization is proposed. Specific goals, objectives, and strategies can be set for different components of this system which may differ in terms both of algorithms and actual parameters. The development of the main technological components of the integrated environmental monitoring system (monitoring networks and information systems) is considered.

The COSMO-ART model is used at the Hydrometcenter of Russia for the routine forecast of air pollutant concentrations. The COSMO-Ru7-ART system is able to simulate adequately the values of concentration of impurities in the atmosphere. The system includes the module for estimating the emission of pollutants to the atmosphere from forest fires that was successfully tested on the case of forest fires occurred in the summer of 2010 for the European part of Russia. The accurate forecast of pollutant concentration has also a positive effect on the air temperature forecast due to taking into account the aerosol feedback on radiation.

The determination of the anthropogenic impact on the thermal regime of a megalopolis is discussed. The nominal boundaries of the megalopolis thermal effects are determined taking into account orographic and landscape effects and the variability of temperature difference between the center of the city and its suburbs. It is proposed to use the data of stations located within 40-50 km from the urban agglomeration boundaries for calculating the anthropogenic component of the urban heat island. The parameters of the heat island in Moscow are determined from the measurement data on maximum and minimum daily surface air temperature in 2012-2016, and their significant seasonal and intradaily variability is revealed. It is corroborated that anthropogenic causes for the higher air temperature in Moscow as compared with suburbs during the cold season are the release and loss of heat of heating systems; in the absence of snow cover the anthropogenic effect of these sources is enhanced by the thermal radiation of the urban surface.

New data on the diurnal variability of methane emission in summer (2013-2014) from West Siberia peatland ecosystems are presented. It is demonstrated that diurnal variations in methane emission differ much depending on a peatland ecosystem under study. Diurnal variations in methane emission in the fens and hollows of the ridge-hollow complex (RHC) are revealed as well as their reproducibility in 2013-2014. The maximum emission is registered in the daytime, and the minimum is observed at night. There is no diurnal variation in methane emission in ryams (pine bogs) and ridges of RHC. It is revealed that in the upper layer of peat (at the depth up to 10 cm for hollows and at the depth of 2 and 5 cm for fens) the contribution of temperature variability to methane emission variations in fens and hollows is 15-20%. The multiple linear regression with peat temperature at several depths allows explaining 44-54% of the variability of methane flux from peatlands. No significant correlation between methane fluxes and the temperature of peat and air was identified in the diurnal cycle in ryams and ridges.

Quantitative environmental criteria for the radiation protection of aquatic ecosystems, namely, reference concentrations of radionuclides in water are developed. If activity concentrations of radionuclides do not exceed these levels, aquatic biota can be considered completely protected from the negative effects of ionizing radiation. Reference concentrations of radionuclides in environmental objects can be compared directly with the measurement data on radioactive contamination parameters that allows using them for the monitoring data interpretation. Reference concentrations of anthropogenic radionuclides in the sea and fresh water are calculated using the environmental criteria and are compared to the values of reference concentrations computed using the hygienic criterion. It is demonstrated that the current levels of concentration of ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, and tritium in the seas, rivers, and lakes of Russia are considerably lower than the values of reference concentrations of these radionuclides calculated using the environmental criterion.

Experimental results are presented of the estimation of pollution levels of Lake Baikal unique ecosystem (air, surface and deep water, soil, bottom sediments, and aquatic biota) with persistent organic pollutants (POPs) which were included to the list of Stockholm Convention (polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, toxaphene, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers). The ranges of POPs concentration are determined and statistical characteristics (mean and median) over the period of observations are calculated. It is demonstrated that the wide variation range of POPs concentration depends on environmental factors and on the POPs source (local sources or global transport).

The review is based on the results of the operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system in the CIS countries. The system is functioning in the operational regime at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) and uses the data from the national network equipped with M-124 filter ozonometers being under the methodological supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory. The quality of the entire system functioning is under operational control based on the observations obtained from neighboring countries and the OMI satellite equipment (NASA, USA). Basic TO observation data are generalized for each month of the first quarter of 2017 and for the first quarter. Data on surface ozone values in the Moscow region and Crimea are also provided.