Том 42, № 2 (2017)

The physical and mathematical description of the model of cumulonimbus cloud electrification is presented. The model uses the forecasts of the WRF-ARW numerical mesoscale model as inputs and allows predicting the parameters of the atmospheric electric field including those typical of thunderstorm activity. The prognostic values of electric breakdown are compared with the observed thunderstorms.

The series ofair temperature anomalies inthe free atmosphere from radiosonde and satellite data are compared. Along with the well-known datasets of leading foreign centers, the datasets are considered of monthly temperature anomalies for isobaric surfaces and tropospheric and lower tropospheric layers obtained in the All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeoroiogical Information-World Data Center (RIHMI-WDC) from the data of the global network of radiosonde observations. Following numerous literature sources, the study corroborates that it is impossible to detect the so called tropospheric amplification of warming in observational data. The results of the comparison of statistical parameters for different series of air temperature anomalies prove that the RIHMI-WDC dataset is appropriate for solving the problems of climate monitoring on the assessment of air temperature in the free atmosphere. A doubtless advantage of these datasets for the preparation of the data of monitoring and diagnosis of the current climate is that their operational update is possible by processing new monthly portions of radiosonde data for the global network. The other advantage is that they do not depend on the modes of series update in the foreign sources.

At the designing of nuclear power facilities at the coastal sites the risk of their flooding caused by the combinations of adverse hydrometeorological events should be assessed with the probability of exceedance to 0.01%. According to the IAEA recommendations, the combination of statistical and deterministic methods was used to calculate the flood level of such rare occurrence. The level of flooding caused by the storm surge and reiated wind waves were computed with the probability of 0.01% for the coastal part of the Koporye Bay of the Gulf of Finland in the area of the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant 2 (LNPP 2) construction; the results are presented. The calculations are based on the CARDINAL and SWAN software and four nested numerical models (for the Baltic Sea, the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, the Koporye Bay, and a part of the bay in the area of LNPP). The decrease in sea-surface drag coefficient at hurricane winds is taken into account.

In order to investigate the effect of detention reservoirs on flood, the precipitation-runoff process as well as the reservoir routing was simulated with the HEC-HMS software. The model was run under four different scenarios (without a reservoir and with an empty, half-full, and full reservoir) and with different return periods of from 2 to 100 years in the Jafar Abad River basin, Golestan province, Iran. The statistical analysis of the results was based on one-way analysis of variance. To study the effect of reservoirs, two indices were used: the Flood Attenuation Rate (FAR) and Storage Ratio (SR). The results indicated that the construction of detention reservoirs leads to the decrease in peak discharge and the volume of flood that leaves the reservoir and postpones the incidence of the peak discharge. The influence of the reservoir diminishes with the prolongation of the return period. The maximum level of flood volume reduction for empty, half-full, and full reservoirs was 61.1, 33.2, and 0.8%, respectively, and for the peak discharge was 63.9, 32.8, and 6.6%, respectively. The maximum value of FAR for reservoirs under empty, half-full, and full conditions were 26, 19, and 7%, respectively. Similarly, the maximum SR for the empty and half-full reservoirs was 14 and 5%, respectively, thus showing the efficiency of reservoirs in flood control. Also, the results demonstrate that the efficiency of reservoirs in flood control not only depends on the reservoir volume and the amount of flood, but also on the geometric properties of the reservoir and weir.

The review is based on the results of the operation of the total ozone (TO) monitoring system in the CIS and Baltic countries. The system is functioning in the operational regime at the Central Aerological Observatory (CAO) under methodological supervision of the Main Geophysical Observatory and uses the data from the national network equipped with M-124 filter ozonometers. The quality of the entire system functioning is under operational control based on the observations obtained from the OMI satellite equipment (NASA, the United States). The basic TO observation data are generalized for each month of the fourth quarter of 2016, for the fourth quarter as a whole, and for the whole year. The results of regular observations of surface ozone content carried out in the Moscow region and Crimea are also considered.