Том 41, № 3 (2016)

GIS-Amur system offlood monitoring, forecasting, and early warning was developed at the Hydrometcenter of Russia and Planeta Research Center for Space Hydrometeorology for the effective surveill ance of hydrological conditions in the Amur River basin. The system is based on the use of hydrometeorological information, that is, observational data from weather and gaging stations, data from hydrological forecasts, and satellite data. The GIS- and web-based GIS-Amur system provides high reliability, safety, and operational speed. During the operational practice in the spring and summer 2015, the system demonstrated the forecast accuracy and reliability, the timely delivery of output products to end users, and the great variety of the output product types and formats. The system provides near-real time access to all available hydrometeorological data in the Amur River basin that favors correct and timely decision-making for flood risk reduction.

The results ofthe joint analysis ofthe data ofinstrumental observations using LS8000 lightning detector, weather radars (MRL-5 and DMRL-C), and electric field strength sensors as well as the results of numerical simulation of electric parameters of developed convective clouds based on the three-dimensional model worked out at High-mountain Geophysical Institute are presented. Some results of mathematical modeling of electric charges and fields in a convective cloud in the process of its evolution are described. The computations are based on the real data of atmospheric upper-air sounding on the days with thunderstorm and hailstorm processes in the North Caucasus. The effects of electric processes on the formation of micro structural parameters of convective clouds and precipitation are studied.

Episodic emissions ofmethane with the concentration of4 ppm to the lower atmosphere near the continental slope of the Arctic Ocean are considered. It is revealed that such methane emissions can be associated with the erosion of sediments containing gas hydrates, for example, as a result of the effects of mudflows caused by the instability of slope currents as well as by the geologic activity in the zone of significant depth drops. The high background concentration of methane is registered in the central part of the Arctic Ocean that is probably provoked by biologic activity within sea ice and on its bottom.

The areas of distribution, high pest damage, and mass reproduction of Italian locust are mainly limited by climatic factors. It is demonstrated that under conditions of the RCP4.5 moderate scenario of anthropogenic impact on the global climate system in Russia in the 21st century the climatic range of Italian locust will be expanded mainly northward and, to a smaller extent, eastward. The expansion of the range by the middle of the 21st century as compared with the end of the 20th century will be more significant that at the end of the 21st century versus its middle.

Quantitative estimates are obtained of long-term variations in moisture content in the active layer of soil on the territory of the Bryansk oblast.

Basic principles of the quality control of aerological data are formulated. These principles are assumed as a basis for the procedure of the control of archival and current data of upper-air sounding at All-Russian Research Institute of Hydrometeorological Information-World Data Center including the section of aerological information of the Russian State Fund. It is demonstrated that the only possible way to solve a problem of creation of historical high-resolution global datasets is the use of the method of complex (multicomponent) quality control.