Том 62, № 6 (2016)

A self-consistent dynamic problem is posed for a system including a one-dimensional flexible guide (a string), elastic-inertial foundation (an array of oscillators), and moving oscillating load. The effect of the foundation parameters on the dispersion characteristics (frequency, phase velocity, and group velocity as functions of the wavenumber) of transverse waves propagating along the string has been analyzed. It has been shown that taking into account the foundation inertia leads to the presence of two critical (cutoff) frequencies. Regularities of wave generation by a source moving along the string have been analyzed.

A methodologically simple modification of the Young principle is proposed for describing diffracted field formation in problems of wave diffraction by the sharp edges of screens and wedges without using Sommerfeld’s two-sheeted space. The method of determining the diffracted field constructs the derivative of the field by introducing lumped sources positioned at given scattering edges with subsequent integration of the constructed field along the directions parallel to the wave fronts of the incident plane wave.

The transfer matrix method was used to analyze the acoustical properties of stepped acoustic resonator in the previous paper. The present paper extends the application of the transfer matrix method to analyzing acoustic resonators with gradually varying cross-sectional area. The transfer matrices and the resonant conditions are derived for acoustic resonators with four different kinds of gradually varying geometric shape: tapered, trigonometric, exponential and hyperbolic. Based on the derived transfer matrices, the acoustic properties of these resonators are derived, including the resonant frequency, phase and radiation impedance. Compared with other analytical methods based on the wave equation and boundary conditions, the transfer matrix method is simple to implement and convenient for computation.

Research results for the nonlinear acoustic properties of the B95 polycrystalline aluminum alloy and the B95/nanodiamond composite have been described. The nonlinear properties of the alloys have been studied by the spectral method that measures the efficiency of generation of the second harmonic of a bulk acoustic wave at a frequency of 2f = 10 MHz in the field of a finite-amplitude longitudinal acoustic wave at a frequency of f = 5 MHz. The results derived by this method have been compared with the results of studies of the nonlinear acoustic properties of the test alloys using the Thurston–Brugger quasi-static method.

Measurements of ultrasound wave absorption are conducted at a frequency of 3 MHz in 3% suspensions of starch, gelatin, and lactose. It is shown that the dynamics of the additional ultrasound wave absorption coefficient in the suspensions carries information on the processes of swelling, dissolution, and the phase and structural periods occurring in the interaction of the disperse and dispersoid phases; it also reflects the influence of the temperature field on these processes.

Using the example of a shallow-water acoustic waveguide with a homogeneous water layer of constant thickness H lying on a homogeneous fluid absorbing half-space (bottom), we obtain estimates of distance r from a source, for which it is possible to ignore the continuous spectrum for the mode description of the depth dependence of the intensity of a low-frequency sound field in the bottom layer. We have compared two discrete representations of the field using (1) the total set of normal modes and (2) the total set of normal modes and quasimodes. It is shown that in the case when there is at least one normal mode in the channel, additional allowance for quasimodes makes it possible by an order of magnitude to approximate the boundary of applicability of mode theory and on average establish it at a level of r ~ H or less. We explain the functional dependences of the contribution of the continuous spectrum to the total field on the waveguide parameters and find the conditions of its minimization. We present examples of description of the field in the bottom, where the advantage of using quasimodes at short distances is also demonstrated.

We propose criteria and develop methods for stable optimization when synthesizing acoustic fields in the case of their excitation by a finite set of coherent sources in oceanic waveguides. As an example, we consider methods of amplitude-phase focusing of the field of a vertical emitting array to a given point of a refractive waveguide. We show that the problem of optimal field focusing can be approximately reduced to that of focusing of the most powerful and stable wave components. We use the ray representation of the field.

The paper presents the results of experimental studies on developing a technique to determine the acoustic properties of models of main helicopter rotors on an open test bench. The method of maximum length sequences is used to choose the optimum arrangement of microphones for an open test bench that would minimize the influence of parasitic echo. The results of processing the data of an acoustic experiment with a model rotor are detailed.

We present a method for monitoring the physical parameters of a medium, based on processing of an acoustic signal reflected from the studied medium. The method makes it possible to rapidly and simultaneously measure the level and density of the reflecting medium owing to acoustic sounding with pulses of different shape. We have obtained the analytic dependences relating the controlled parameters to the phase and amplitude spectra components of the reflected acoustic signal.

Using acoustoelectronic sensors not containing sensitive coatings, we studied a series of microbiological preparations: yeast cells and bacteria, as well as virus particles, immobilized in hydrogels of different concentration. The obtained measurement data on the acoustic characteristics make it possible to (1) reveal the presence of biological objects in both fluid media and agarose-based hydrogels of various concentration; (2) establish the physical mechanism that results in acoustoelectronic detection; (3) evaluate changes in the concentration of biological objects and their electric conductivity. The data confirm the possibility of applying the acoustoelectronic technique to detect microbiological objects and observe their growth in hydrogel media. We discus the limitations and drawbacks of the acoustoelectronic technique.

Absorption of sound waves incident on a plane surface with arbitrary impedance by a planar active resonator array consisting of monopole or dipole resonators and positioned near the surface is considered. Appropriate tuning of active resonators ensures complete absorption of sound waves incident at a fixed angle in a broad frequency band. The effect of tuning errors on the efficiency of sound absorption by the systems under study is investigated. It is shown that, for rigid surfaces, a monopole resonator array yields a higher absorption efficiency, whereas for soft surfaces, a dipole resonator array is the more efficient one.