卷 192, 编号 12 (2022)
On the 100th annversary of the birth of N.G. Basov
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov (on the 100th anniversary of his birth)
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1297-1298
1297-1298
BASOV READINGS (Joint meeting (scientific session) of the Physical Sciences Division, the Nanotechnology Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) and the Scientific Councils of the P N Lebedev Physical Institute of the RAS and the A M Prokhorov General Physics Institute of the RAS (LPI, November 28, 2022))
摘要
A solemn meeting (scientific session) of the Physical Sciences Division (PSD) and the Nanotechnology Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), as well as the Scientific Councils of the P N Lebedev Physical Institute (LPI) RAS and the A M Prokhorov General Physics Institute (GPI) RAS, On the 100th Anniversary of the Birth of N G Basov: the ‘BASOV READINGS,’ was held in the Assembly Hall of the P N Lebedev Physical Institute on November 28, 2022.Opening remarks were made by:Kolachevsky N N (LPI), Kveder V V (PSD RAS), Garnov S V (GPI RAS).The scientific program of the joint meeting, published on the website of the PSD RAS (http://www.gpad.ac.ru), included the following reports and speeches:Session 1. Chair: Academician G A Mesyats1. Zubarev I G (LPI, National Research Nuclear University (NRNU) Moscow Engineering Physics Institute (MEPhI), Moscow). N G Basov: a pioneer and organizer of laser research in the USSR.2. Kolachevsky N N (LPI, Moscow). From the first masers to optical frequency standards.3. Pikhtin N A (A F Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute (PTI) RAS, St. Petersburg). {High-power near-IR laser diodes: history, state of the art, and development prospects.}4. Konov V I (Natural Science Research Center, GPI RAS, Moscow). {Modern micro- and nanotechnologies of laser material processing.}Session 2. Chair: Academician I A Shcherbakov5. Gus'kov S Yu (LPI, Moscow). N G Basov: laser thermonuclear fusion and high energy density physics.6. Mikaelyan G T (LASSARD LLC, NPP Inzhekt LLC, Moscow). One- and two-D diode laser arrays. Technology of production and application.7. Starodubtsev M V (FRC Institute of Applied Physics RAS, Nizhny Novgorod). Research in the field of plasma physics and particle acceleration on the PEARL petawatt laser.8. Evtikhiev N N (STA IRE Polyus, NRNU MEPhI, Moscow). On the application of laser technologies in industry and medicine.9. El'tsov K N (GPI RAS). Surface physics for heterogeneous catalysis, quantum computing, and two-dimensional materials.10. Zvorykin V D (LPI, Moscow). \textit{The role of N G Basov in work on excimer laser research: a half-century history from the launch of the first $ Xe_{2}$ laser at the LPI to modern laser systems.}Articles written on the basis of the presented reports will be published in a special issue of the journal Physics–Uspekhi (Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (UFN)).At the meeting, a fragment from the film “Prometheus of the Laser Era” (author of the film: L E Ioffe), prepared for the N G Basov anniversary, as well as the presentation of the books N G Basov i Issledovaniya po Kvantovoi Radiofizike v FIAN (N G Basov and Research on Quantum Radiophysics at LPI) and the photo album Nikolai Gennadievich Basov. K 100-letiyu so Dnya Rozhdeniya (Nikolai Gennadievich Basov. On the 100th Anniversary of His Birth). For more details on the books, see Phys. Usp.65 (12) 1321–1322 (2022) (Usp. Fiz. Nauk 191 1415 (2022).
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1299-1299
1299-1299
Nikolai Gennadievich Basov (an insight into the life story of an outstanding physicist)
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1300-1304
1300-1304
Methods of quantum logic in ion frequency standards, quantum computers, and modern spectroscopy
摘要
Today, precise laser control of the quantum states of single ions cooled to low temperatures in traps ensures significant progress in the development of such physical areas as optical and microwave frequency standards, quantum computing, and accurate measurements of transition frequencies to confirm fundamental physical theories. Pioneering ideas about the possibility of using lasers in the development of frequency standards, expressed in the 1960s by the Nobel laureate N G Basov, have enjoyed rapid development: the relative accuracy of frequency standards has reached the 18th decimal place, and the experimentally demonstrated coherence time of narrow optical transitions amounts to tens of seconds. The paper presents a selective review, as well as the results of research at the Lebedev Physical Institute, in the area of using elements of quantum logic in the action of coherent laser pulses on single ions. Also discussed is the use of quantum logic methods in optical clocks based on the $ Al^+$ ion and the multiply charged $\rm Al^+$ ion, and also in quantum computers based on $\rm Ca^+$ and $\rm Yb^+$ ions.
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1305-1312
1305-1312
Reviews of topical problems
Empirical scenarios of galaxy evolution
摘要
Our present understanding of the evolution of the Universe is not fully comprehensive. While the conventional LCDM cosmological model provides an explanation for the large-scale structure and evolution of the Universe, problems are encountered at the level of individual galaxies. For this reason, attention is now focused on empirical scenarios of the formation and evolution of galaxies, which are based on precision observations of high-redshift galaxies. During the last 10–15 years, several such scenarios have been proposed and subjected to verification. For example, the discovery in 2007–2009 of the unexpectedly rapid growth of giant elliptical galaxies enabled rejecting a major merger as the primary mechanism by which such objects are formed. A so-called two-stage scenario is now common in which a compact stellar ‘seed’ is formed at an early stage, after which an elliptic galaxy rapidly ‘swells’ due to multiple dissipationless minor mergers. The discovery of a population of quasars at $z$>6, whose central black holes have masses of the order of a billion solar masses or more, prompted the development of scenarios in which the black hole independ„ently grows at an early stage, to be later ‘coated’ with galaxies. In the same vein, the recent massive acquisition of integral-field spectroscopic data using large telescopes has enabled ‘pinning down’ the critical moment in the evolution of spiral galaxy dynamics at $z$=1, which was previously overlooked by cosmological models of the evolution of the Universe.
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1313-1338
1313-1338
Superconducting spintronics: state of the art and prospects
摘要
Significant progress has been achieved recently in a new field of low-temperature electronics, the physics of superconducting hybrid systems based on superconductors (Ss) and ferromagnets (Fs), which is known as superconducting spintron„ics. We present theoretical and experimental results on studies of the proximity effect with a ferromagnet, which forms an unusual superconducting state in the vicinity of the S/F interface and allows controlling dissipationless charge and spin transport in hybrid structures by changing the texture and properties of the magnetic subsystem. Particular attention is devoted to the properties of the generation of spin-triplet Cooper pairs at the S/F interface that ensure the most efficient interplay between superconductivity and ferromagnetism, including in systems with full spin-polarization of bands (semimetals) and considerable spin–orbit coupling. Problems with the electrodynamics of S/F structures, which have not been covered by previous reviews on superconducting spintronics, are discussed in detail, including the features of the formation of inhomogeneous superconducting and magnetic states due to spin–orbit coupling, long-range triplet correlations in ferromagnets, the electrodynamic proximity effect, and Larkin–Ovchinnikov–Fulde–Ferrell-type instability with a modulation vector in the plane of S/F structure layers. We also discuss the current state of experimental work and promising theoretical concepts and problems relevant to the further development of superconducting spintronics.
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1339-1384
1339-1384
Tilted fiber Bragg gratings and their sensing applications
摘要
The review covers current achievements and prospects for the development of fiber sensorics associated with tilted fiber Bragg gratings (TFBGs), including metal-coated (plasmonic) sensors. The physical nature of the excitation of the cladding modes in such structures is discussed, and the main properties of TFBGs are considered. Special attention is devoted to sensing applications of TFBGs, including data processing methods for TFBG sensing systems. The process of fabricating tilted fiber Bragg gratings is described, as is the method of thin metal film deposition onto the side surface of the fiber.
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1385-1398
1385-1398
Methodological notes
‘Anomalous’ dissipation of a paraxial wave beam propagating along an absorbing plane
摘要
We present solutions of the Leontovich–Fock parabolic equation which describe the structure of a paraxial quasi-optical wave beam in a medium with strong spatial inhomogeneity of the absorption coefficient transverse to the direction of beam propagation. Using as an example the simplest reference problem of a beam propagating along an infinitely narrow plane absorbing layer, it is shown that, in this case, the energy dissipation and refraction of the beam affect each other, so that they should be considered simultaneously, while the application of the perturbation theory can lead to qualitatively incorrect results.
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1399-1408
1399-1408
Letters to the editors
What led to retraction of the article on room-temperature superconductivity in the journal Nature: a series of oversights or falsification?
摘要
In 2020, the journal Nature published an article under the notorious title “Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride” (Nature 586 373–377 (2020)) that caused, without exaggeration, an effect like an exploding bomb; after all, it was stated that one of the most important problems in modern physics (implementation of superconductivity at room temperature) has already been solved! In two years, the article has been cited over 500 times and read over 100,000 times. However, in the scientific community, the article led to a great deal of questions, skepticism, and severe criticism. Eventually, on September 26, 2022, Nature retracted this publication. We give here the main reasons for the retraction and our commentary on the significance of this act for the physics of high-temperature superconductivity in general and the superconductivity of hydrides in particular.
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1409-1412
1409-1412
Personalia
Roald Zinnurovich Sagdeev (on his 90th birthday)
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1413-1414
1413-1414
Bibliography
New books on physics and related sciences
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1415-1415
1415-1415
Physics news on the Internet (based on electronic preprints)
Uspehi fizičeskih nauk. 2022;192(12):1416-1416
1416-1416