Trimonoecy in flowering plants

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Trimonoecious plant populations consist of individuals that have staminate, pistillate, and perfect flowers. Trimonoecy is very rare in angiosperms, and knowledge about it is extremely sparse. Based on literature data and personal research, a list of trimonoecious plants in the world flora has been compiled, which includes 73 species from 44 genera belonging to 29 families and 19 orders of angiosperms. Trimonoecy occurs in 6.9% of families, 0.3% of genera, and 0.025% of species in angiosperms. Trimonoecious species have not been identified in the group of basal angiosperms and magnoliids. The highest proportion of trimonoecious species occurs within the monocots: 20.0% of families, 0.7% of genera, and 0.05% of species, while the vast majority of trimonoecious plants (80.3% of all species) are found among the Superrosids (27 species) and Superasterids (32 species). Five families are particularly noted for having trimonoecious species: Apiaceae (16 species from 2 genera), Amaranthaceae (7 species from 3 genera), Cleomaceae (6 species from 2 genera), Commelinaceae (5 species from 1 genus), and Poaceae (4 species from 4 genera). Slightly less than half of all trimonoecious species belong to five genera: Heracleum L. (13 species), Aneilema R.Br. (5), Cleome L. (5), Amaranthus L. (4), and Lomatium Raf. (3). The relationship and possible correlation of trimonoecy with such biological and ecological characteristics as life form, mode of pollination, perianth color, pericarp consistency, presence of related monoecious taxa, geographical latitude of occurrence, and distribution along floristic phytochorions has been analyzed and is presented herein. The article ultimately discusses the dimensional differences in the perianths of the three flower types, pollen fertility and pollen productivity of perfect and staminate flowers, the location and ratio of perfect, staminate, and pistillate flowers on individuals, as well as the mechanisms of the origin and evolution of trimonoecy in angiosperms.

Sobre autores

V. Godin

Central Siberian Botanical Garden SB RAS

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: vn.godin@mpgu.su
Zolotodolinskaya Str., 101, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia

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