编号 7 (2025)

We considered the possibility of applying the concept of “Industry 4.0” to agriculture in general and the use of fertilizers in particular in precision farming systems. The possibilities of integrating information and communication technologies with agricultural production are shown, when smart network systems combining different types of data from several sources promise to increase productivity and efficiency. Examples of increasing the efficiency of fertilizers, primarily nitrogen fertilizers, using electronic counterparts of agronomic and agrochemical technologies to reduce their environmental effects are given. It is noted that the introduction of Industry 4.0 technologies increases the efficiency of precision farming as a combination of the best practices of sustainable agriculture. The life cycle estimates of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers are shown, taking into account the risk of eutrophication of natural waters. This makes it possible to achieve economic and environmental optimization of agriculture.

In a 10-variant field experiment lasting 13 experimental years, laid on acidic sod-podzolic soil, the effect of dolomite particles with a size of <0.25 (0.25–1, 1–3 and 3–5 mm), introduced in an amount corresponding to the full dose of hydrolytic acidity (1 H_a) in pure form and their combinations (2, 3 and 6 H_a each), on the dynamics of the pH value of KCl. It has been established that the effect of liming with fine fractions of dolomite measuring 0.25–1, 1–3 mm with limestone (LF) and dolomite (DF) flour on soil acidity can be traced for at least 9 experimental years. With an increase in the dose of dolomite particles in various combinations, the duration of liming action increased and continued throughout the entire period of the experiment. The higher the dose of application, the higher the pH value of the soil. 13 experimental years after land reclamation and completion of the experiment, the effect of liming on the structural condition of the soil was evaluated. It is shown that the effect of liming on the amount of agronomically valuable (AV) and water-resistant (WR) aggregates in the soil persisted after 13 experimental years. The relationship between the content of water-resistant aggregates in the soil and the dose of application of dolomite particles has been revealed.

In a field experiment, the effect of binary sideral mixtures involving soybeans on the content of humus, mobile phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium in arable and sub-arable horizons of typical heavy loamy chernozem was evaluated. It is shown that the use of mixed agricultural communities for sideration can be one of the reserves for reproducing the potential and effective fertility of chernozems in the Central Chernozem Zone, as well as improving the quality of these soils. The most significant positive effect on the agrochemical properties of both arable and sub-arable horizons, as well as on the increase in grain yields, was the agrocenotic effect in binary mixtures of soybeans with corn, sunflower and buckwheat varieties Demetra. It is shown that the yield of grain crops was largely limited by the content of mobile phosphorus in the soils, the amount of which increased under the influence of the agrocenotic effect in the sideral agricultural communities. Reliable relationships between grain yields and humus content in the arable horizon indicated nitrogen deficiency. Unreliable correlations between grain yields and the content of exchangeable potassium in both horizons indicated a less pronounced deficiency of this element compared with mobile phosphorus and nitrogen.

The maximum effect of using vegetative biomass was achieved most steadily when it was plowed against the background of the use of mineral fertilizers N60P40K60. Under the influence of plant residues, the total yield of grain crops increased by 6%. The potassium content in the grain of cereals remained practically unchanged in the variants (often in the range of 0.4–0.6%), but varied significantly in the vegetative biomass (1.5–2.0%, respectively). To assess the state of the functioning potassium system, it is proposed to use the ratio of potassium absorbed from plant residues to its value absorbed from soil resources, or the potassium vegetative-soil coefficient (PVSC), varying within specific limits characteristic of a given environmental situation.

The removal of nutrients by table carrots was compared with their amount in the composition of fertilizers applied and the economic balance of these substances was calculated for different carrot fertilizer systems. The study was conducted in 2015–2017 in the Ramenskoye district of the Moscow region (the central floodplain of the Moskva River). The soil of the site is alluvial meadow, medium loamy. The tested crop is carrots of the Losinoostrovskaya 13 variety, fertilizer systems are mineral, organic, and organomineral. Sowing was carried out in the 3rd decade of May, in ridges with a height of 15 cm, with a seeding rate of 900 thousand units/ha, in oneline. During the growing season, 2 row-to-row cultivator treatments and 3–4 manual weeding were carried out. The harvest was recorded in the 3rd decade of September, with the division of products into standard and non-standard fractions. The experimental scheme included the following options: control (without fertilizers) – potential fertility of arable land, N45P30K90 – half the recommended dose, N45P30K90 – half the recommended dose + root dressing in the phase of the beginning of root crop formation (bunch ripeness) based on the results of leaf petiole analysis (on average N20K10), N45P30K90 – half the recommended dose + root dressing in the phase of the beginning of root crop formation (bunch ripeness) based on the results of soil analysis (on average N10K40), N90P60K180 – full recommended dose, biocompost 3 t/ha, N90P60K180 full recommended dose + biocompost 3 t/ha. In an average of 3 years, carrots of the Losinoostrovskaya 13 variety against the background of potential soil fertility produced a standard yield of 46.1 t/ha. The effectiveness of fertilizer systems was as follows: half of the calculated dose of ½ NPK yielded 7.0 t/ha of additional products, ½ NPK + top dressing – 9.8, NPK (full calculated dose) – 6.2, biocompost – 8.7, NPK + biocompost – 12.0 t/ha. A fertilizer dose equal to half of the calculated one was effective enough to obtain an additional crop of standard root crops on this type of soil, and a further increase in the fertilizer dose in the main application could be ineffective. The increase in the yield of standard root crops was achieved mainly due to an increase in the mass of root crops and partly due to an increase in the number of plants with standard root crops. On average, in the experiment, the consumption of basic nutrients for the formation of a standard crop unit was: nitrogen – 15.9, phosphorus – 9.8, potassium – 30.0, calcium – 11.8, magnesium – 4.3 kg/10 t. As the doses of fertilizers increased, the consumption of nutrients per crop unit increased. The complete mineral system (NPK variant) and the organomineral system (NPK + biocompost variant) fully covered the removal of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium with a standard yield, determining their positive balance, while the organomineral system also fully covered the removal of calcium and, to a large extent – magnesium. With other variations of mineral fertilizer systems, a negative balance of all these nutrients was revealed. In addition, there was a negative balance of calcium and magnesium, which is important to take into account when using the soil for a long time. When using an organic system, with a positive balance of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium, the potassium balance was negative. Calculation of the coefficients of nutrient utilization (СNU) from mineral and organic fertilizers using the difference method showed that with an increase in the dose of the introduced element, its utilization coefficient, as a rule, decreased. In general, the variations were as follows: СNU N – 18–37, СNU P₂O₅ – 12–29, СNU K₂O – 33–69, СNU CaO – 17–30, СNU MgO – 33–56%.

The dynamics of the use of insecticides in the Russian Federation since 2013 has been shown. Data on the insecticidal load and the chemical structure of the active substances have been reflected. Data on hazard classes based on the assessment of the toxicity of insecticides of various chemical groups for humans and bees, including those obtained under experimental conditions, are presented.

Carbon reservoirs were identified, and the quantitative contribution of soil carbonates and microbial biomass carbon to CO₂ emissions from soils was revealed. The objects of the study were dispersed carbonate chernozems (Haplic Chernozems Hypocalcic) and chestnut soils (Haplic Kastanazems) of Western Transbaikalia. The data from the assessment of carbon reservoirs, as well as the contribution of carbonates and carbon from microbial biomass to the transformational carbon dioxide emission stream, will be used to calculate the carbon balance of terrestrial ecosystems and model its response to climatic and anthropogenic environmental changes. The total carbon reserves in chernozems and chestnut soils were compared. It has been revealed that there are different ratios of organic and inorganic forms within carbon pools. In chestnut soils, carbon is mostly accumulated in the form of carbonates (61–67%), while the organic component dominates in chernozems (52–78%). The contribution of carbonates to C-CO₂ emissions has been determined, the indicator is significant and amounts to 1–3% of the total in chernozems and 3% in chestnut soils, which should be taken into account in balance calculations. The contribution of C_total to carbon dioxide emissions is significant and amounted to 1.1–2.5 in virgin soils, 0.8–3.1% in agrogenic soils. The participation of microbial biomass carbon in the total organic carbon reserve was insignificant and amounted to 1.4–2.5% of chernozems and 1.8–3.3% of C_org of chestnut soils. It was revealed that microbial respiration of soils decreased in the series: dispersed-carbonate chernozem → chestnut soil.

The article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Alexander Grigoryevich Shestakov (1899–1959), a famous agrochemist and a leading specialist in plant nutrition and biochemistry. The formation of an outstanding scientist as a researcher, teacher and leader is shown. The contribution of A.G. Shestakov to the development of the fundamentals of agrochemical science, the development of agricultural practices aimed at increasing crop yields and quality is presented.