ISSN (online): 2658-5685 Founder: Individual entrepreneur Klyueva Marina Maratovna Editor-in-Chief: Skopa Vitaliy Aleksandrovich, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor Frequency / Access: 4 issues per year / Open Included in: Higher Attestation Commission List, RISC
The Montreux Convention as a legacy of Soviet policy in contemporary Russia-NATO controversies: on the question of studying the Black Sea straits regime in school history curriculum
this article, based on an analysis of contemporary Russian and foreign historiography and applied to the needs of a school history curriculum, examines the historical process of concluding and maintaining the main provisions of the Montreux Convention until the current decades of the 21st century, as the final stage in the history of the complex nexus of global politics surrounding the Bosphorus and Dardanelles Straits. The authors focus on analyzing attempts by the leadership of the Republic of Turkey and NATO to revise the most important provisions of this convention against the backdrop of the conflict between the Russian Federation and the collective West in connection with the beginning of the Second World War. The authors conclude that the Montreux Convention, which to this day determines the procedure for the passage of ships through the Black Sea straits, needs to be studied in school curricula (primarily within the framework of elective courses aimed at preparing students for the Basic State Exam and the Unified State Exam).
Copyright (c) 2026 Kurkov V.V., Simakova V.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
"Volovskaya Hatin" and other crimes of the Nazi invaders in the territory of the Volovsky district of the modern Lipetsk region
in 2025, Russia celebrates a great holiday dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War and the liberation of the territory of our country from Nazi invaders. However, the theme of war, the history of military operations and the feat of the Soviet people, for many years will remain in the field of view of historians, local historians, since many facts are still little studied and require scientific analysis. The theme of the genocide of the civilian population in the occupied territories of the Soviet state will forever remain in the history of the Second World War of the most complex and painful, from the point of view, both scientific study and moral justification and presentation. The discovery of archival documents, the study of eyewitnesses of eyewitnesses makes it possible to objective analysis and detailed study of the tragic events of the military at a regional level, especially in the territories of a long-term German-fascist occupation, which determines the relevance of the research topic. During the Great Patriotic War, the Volovsky district was part of the Kursk region and was occupied twice-in November-December 1941 and from July 1942 to January 1943. In the course of the study, analysis of archival documents, facts of genocide in relation to civilians, executions and the application of the death penalty, and burning of people (“Volovskaya Khatyn”, organization) concentration camps for prisoners of war and civilian population, widespread plunder and destruction of material and cultural values, which contributed to an increase in mortality among the civilian civilian population. The author concludes that the genocide of the Soviet people, committed by Nazi criminals and their accomplices, is not related to any individual actions, but purposeful ideologically worked out policy, and the extraction of lessons from the history of the Nazi regime and his unleashed aggressive war is necessary to prevent falsification of the history and distorting the facts related to one of the most bloody conflicts in history humanity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nekrylova O.G., Khomyakova N.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The transformation of kabbalistic and hermetic ideas in the Byzantine medical culture
the article explores the transformation of kabbalistic, gnostic, and hermetic beliefs about healing in the Byzantine medical culture of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The aim is to identify and systematize gnostic elements in the Talmud and early Kabbalah and trace their influence on the ritual therapeutic practices of Byzantium, where the word, name and symbol function as tools of “text therapy”. The research is based on a hermeneutic and comparative analysis of religious texts and medical treatises, as well as on the use of archaeological material (amulets, formulas, graphic matrices) to reconstruct healing practices. Methodologically, the comparison of Gnostic and Talmudic sources is combined with a contextual analysis of Byzantine liturgical and medical buildings. It is shown that key Gnostic motives – the idea of illness as a spiritual imbalance, the microcosmic model of the body, the sacred efficacy of the Name – were adapted in Judaism (including through the Sefer Yetzira) and reinterpreted in the Byzantine environment (Euchologions, amulet buildings), forming a stable paradigm of the interaction of sacred and medical knowledge. Byzantine sources and archaeological finds confirm the use of angel names, numerical series, and incantation formulas in the practice of doctors and clergy, which indicates the interfaith circulation of ritual healing technologies. The main conclusion is that the transition from sacred to rational medicine was not linear – it took place as a long-term dialogue of traditions, in which mystical techniques structured ideas about the body and treatment along with natural philosophical explanations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ozhirelev N.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Alexandra Kim-Stankevich in the scientific and fiction literature of South Korea of the 21st century
the article examines the phenomenon of rethinking historical memory in South Korea using the example of A.P. Kim-Stankevich. Alexandra Kim-Stankevich was the first Korean revolutionary woman and a member of the Russian communist movement. The article analyzes the transformation of public perception of the personality of Kim-Stankevich in South Korean society of the 21st century, reflected in scientific and fiction literature. Special attention is paid to the study of the role of A.P. Kim-Stankevich in the struggle for the rights of Korean workers in Russia and her contribution to the Korean independence movement. The paper examines modern literary works, including the novel by Jung Jeol-Hoon and the graphic novel by Kim Geumsuk, that highlight the formation of a new historical narrative in South Korea. The article demonstrates how rethinking historical heritage helps to overcome ideological barriers and expand understanding of ways to achieve national independence.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lim S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
French-language literature in the personal libraries of the Russian noble aristocracy of the first quarter of the 18th century. On the issue of Russian-French book relations
the purpose of the article is to consider the peculiarities of the distribution of French-language literature in the territory of the Russian Empire in the first quarter of the XVIII century. The role of Peter I himself and his associates in organizing the transfer of literature from European countries is determined. The order of business trips of nobles to Europe is described, the place of purchase of foreign literature in their official activities is shown. The article considers the growing popularity of the French language in the country, which was strongly influenced by the cross-border travels of Russian nobles, including the visit of Peter the Great to Paris in 1717. A special role is assigned to the replenishment of the library of the Academy of Sciences, to which Peter the Great paid great attention. The transfer of private book collections to her, including the Mitava library of the Duke of Courland, is considered, in which humanitarian publications printed in the XVI-XVII centuries should be highlighted. The role of the personal collections of A.A. Vinius, P.P. Shafirov, A.P. Hannibal and A.F. Khrushchev in the expansion of the library of the Academy of Sciences is determined. Based on the reviewed material, it is concluded that Western literature contributed to the development of advanced European ideas and their reception in the context of Peter the Great's modernization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Zhitin R.M., Topilsky A.G., Nikolashin V.P. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tashtyk culture (2nd century BCE – 5th century CE) of Southern Siberia demonstrates close connections with the culture of the Han dynasty. Chinese traditions can be traced in the Tashtyk burial rites – cremation, secondary burials, and the inclusion of grain in grave goods. Chinese silk fabrics bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions and ornaments similar to those from Xinjiang have been discovered in the Oglakhty burial site. Architectural details of the “Li Ling Palace” reflect Han-style construction forms. The totality of archaeological evidence confirms active cultural interaction between China and Southern Siberia, indicating the spread of Chinese civilization elements northward through Xinjiang.
Copyright (c) 2026 Chen J. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Socio-economic changes among the Evenks during the Soviet period
the Evenks are an indigenous people of the North in the Russian Federation with a small population. This paper aims to highlight the major socio-economic transformations that occurred in the life of Evenks in Yakutia during the Soviet period. During this time, significant changes took place in the lives of indigenous peoples in the North, including the transition from a nomadic to a settled lifestyle. Archival materials, statistical data, and available academic publications were reviewed to prepare this paper. The results show that the Soviet era had a significant impact on the subsequent development of the Evenki people.
Copyright (c) 2026 Atlasova S.S., Yemelyanov R.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The historical process of the spread of Buddhism in the USA and the EU: on the question of selection of educational materials for the study of globalization in the framework of school history and social studies
this article analyzes the historical spread of Buddhism in the EU and the US, with the goal of selecting educational material that can be used in modern history or social studies classes within core and elective courses. Based on an analysis of contemporary Russian historiography on this topic, the article presents the main stages and determinants of the historical path of Buddhism, which by the beginning of the 21st century had spread from its original eastern regions to the Western societies of the EU and the US, as well as the comprehensive consequences of this historical phenomenon. The authors note that the Buddhist regions of the Russian Federation demonstrate political stability and instructive examples of national and religious tolerance. Therefore, one way to preserve and enhance the humanistic heritage of Buddhism in modern conditions is to adequately reflect the relevant aspects of this world religion in school history and social studies courses (including the peaceful and progressive spread of Buddhism in Western countries).
Copyright (c) 2026 Kurkov V.V., Nikandrova A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The functioning of the Krasnodar Cotton Mill during the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s and its impact on the formation of urban infrastructure
the article is devoted to the study of the history of the Krasnodar cotton mill in the period of the late 1970s – the first half of the 1980s. The purpose of this study is to analyze the functioning of the Krasnodar cotton mill during this period in order to identify its real role in the formation of the modern appearance of the city, the development of its infrastructure, and in the lives of Krasnodar residents who were involved in this enterprise. Among the objectives of the research are: collecting information in order to compile a description of the activities of the cotton mill during the late 70s – the first half of the 80s of the XX century; analyzing selected material to identify the contribution of a particular enterprise to the development of urban infrastructure; studying the characteristic features of the era of the late 1970s and the first half of the 1980s using the example of a specific textile industry. To achieve this goal, the following scientific sources were used: regulatory and legal documentation; materials published in Krasnodar newspapers; archival materials in the public domain; data from the personal archives of the company's employees. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using materials as part of a general study of the textile industry in the USSR. It can also be useful in conducting general historical research. The scientific novelty of the presented material lies in the analysis of the activities of a particular enterprise in the period of the late 1970s – the first half of the 1980s and its impact on the fate of Krasnodar residents. In the course of the research, conclusions were drawn about some of the features of the functioning of the Krasnodar Cotton Mill in the specified historical period, as well as about its impact on the development of the infrastructure of the city of Krasnodar.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lavrentieva M.A., Dubinenko N.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental protection issues in the first decades of the Soviet state: a source study
the article presents the results of a source study reflecting the features of environmental protection in the first decades of the Soviet state in the context of the development of the textile and light industry. The relevant historical sources that reflected environmental protection issues at the legislative level have been identified; the content of the selected sources has been analyzed; aspects of the environmental agenda reflected in the analyzed sources have been highlighted. The study used the historical-comparative method, the historical-systemic method, and the method of historical periodization. In the first decades of the Soviet state, measures to protect and regulate the use of nature and certain natural resources were enshrined in law. The following conclusions are formulated: firstly, on the enshrining at the legislative level in the first decades of the Soviet state of measures to protect and regulate the use of nature and certain natural resources; secondly, on paying special attention to the issues of protecting natural objects that were in danger of extinction, on the creation of nature conservation zones and reserves; thirdly, on taking into account the possibilities of a departmental approach to various problems for solving nature conservation issues; Fourthly, on the consideration of the problem of rational use of natural resources primarily from the perspective of socialist construction and the active development of industry, and not from the perspective of environmental protection; fifthly, on the absence of a unified legislative framework regulating the negative manifestations of production processes in the textile and light industries.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lelyakova A.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evolution of Germany's image in the Russian press in the early 20th century from the perspective of the economic confrontation between Russia and Germany (in contemporary Russian historiography)
this article analyzes the formation and transformation of Germany's image as an economic adversary in the Russian press on the eve of World War I. Studies of country images typically examine stories on political, social, cultural, and military issues. Economic news often serves as a general context rather than an independent object of study. At the same time, Russia and Germany were linked by both long-standing cooperation and rivalry, and the issue of German dominance, including in the economy, was a serious public concern. The study shows that the initially neutral image of Germany in publicist writing gradually gave way to calls for resistance to Germany's economic aggression.
Copyright (c) 2026 Peryshkin M.O. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
American transnational corporations and the evolution of international relations in the context of the digitalization of the global economy
the article examines the evolution of the role of American transnational corporations in the system of international relations under the conditions of the digitalization of the global economy. It demonstrates that corporations have lost the status of purely economic actors and have transformed into elements of global governance capable of influencing both domestic and foreign policy of states. Special attention is paid to U.S. digital corporations controlling data infrastructure, communication networks, and algorithms, which enables them to shape new forms of legitimacy and political influence. The study identifies contradictions between corporate global strategies and the principle of state sovereignty, as well as the prospects for the evolution of international relations under growing digital dependence. It concludes on the need to develop new models of state–corporate interaction to ensure global stability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sigal D.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The worldview of the masons in the context of the Russian enlightenment of the 18th century
the Freemasons' worldview, within the context of the 18th-century Russian Enlightenment, represented a complex and contradictory phenomenon, an alternative to the mainstream intellectual currents of the era. While the European Enlightenment affirmed the cult of reason, progress, and scientific knowledge, Russian Freemasons proposed a fundamentally different system of thought. They consistently criticized the rationalist paradigm, insisting on the priority of spiritual experience over intellectual understanding of the world. Key ideologists of the Masonic movement – N.I. Novikov, I.V. Lopukhin, and A.F. Labzin – developed the concept of inner self-improvement through mystical knowledge of God. Characteristic features of their philosophy included religious mysticism; the priority of transcendental experience; a critique of materialistic views; and the idea of moral self-education. The Masonic brotherhood effectively proposed an alternative model of enlightenment – not an external, intellectual one, but an internal, spiritual transformation of the individual. Freemasonry had a significant influence on the development of the Russian intellectual community, becoming a catalyst for social thought and a prerequisite for future social transformations. The Brotherhood not only communicated a specific set of philosophical views but also offered a unique model of public service, in which personal development and moral maturity were fundamental principles of civic engagement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Skopa V.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Materials of the commission for studying the Yakut republic as a source on the anthropology of land routes of communication in Yakutia in the first quarter of the XX century
the article provides a historical and anthropological reconstruction of the operational features of land communication routes in Yakutia in the first quarter of the 20th century, based on the materials of the Commission for the Study of the Yakut ASSR, including data from the Yakut Integrated Expedition of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925-1930). The research is primarily based on documents stored in Collection 47 of the St. Petersburg Branch of the RAS Archives, as well as materials from their collections in the State Archives of the Irkutsk Region and scientific literature. It is shown that the region's land transport network was a system of state, zemstvo, and commercial roads, closely linked to river shipping. Of central importance was the Irkutsk-Yakutsk Road, providing Yakutia's main link with the outside world, while the northern routes – Verkhoyansk and Ust-Yansk – were characterized by extreme natural and climatic conditions and poor infrastructure. Based on the observations of astronomer E.F. Skvortsov identified anthropological aspects of the routes' functioning: the way of life at stations, the organization of food and rest for travelers, and the specifics of travel in conditions of cold, snow, ice, and permafrost.
Copyright (c) 2026 Suleymanov A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The sectoral structure and features of modernization of the livestock industry in large farms of Tambov province in the late 19th – early 20th century
the purpose of the article is to consider the specifics of the modernization of landed livestock farming in the Tambov province in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The dynamics of livestock in the main areas (cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming, dairy farming), structural shifts in the use of land and fodder, as well as livestock, technological and commercial innovations (metization, breeding, rationalization of feeding, refrigerator warehouses and sausage workshops) are analyzed. It is shown that accelerated commercialization and concentration of land resources ensured the leading role of large latifundia in the modernization of the industry, and the introduction of new veterinary and technological practices increased the productivity of agricultural production. Based on the above material, it is argued that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Tambov landlords began to actively modernize the livestock sector. The improvement of veterinary practices, livestock breeding, and the introduction of new forms of agricultural technology have contributed to progress in the field of livestock farming and the growth of its indicators.
Copyright (c) 2026 Topilsky A.G., Zhitin R.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Chronological tables of the years of life of famous historical figures of Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome and Asia Minor in the period between the first year of the era of Nabonassar and the years of the reign of Emperor Justinian I in Byzantium (according to the dating obtained by the method of astronomical chronology)
this article aims to reconstruct the authentic dates of the lives of famous figures from Ancient Greece, Rome, and Asia Minor during the period between the first year of the Nabonassar era and the reign of Emperor Justinian I in Byzantium. The work draws on recent research, firstly, to summarize and refine chronological data on key military-political, cultural, and natural historical events, and secondly, to examine historical and biographical data on the lives of famous figures from the studied regions during this time period. During the course of the study, tables of biographical data for famous historical figures were compiled. Their life dates were reconstructed and chronologically aligned with the dates of creation of ancient Greek and Roman literary works, the works of Herodotus, Thucydides, Xenophon, and other classics of historical science, and the dating of historical facts recorded in the Parian Chronicle and other surviving chronicles. The tables, arranged chronologically, recorded the actual years of life of, first, scientists and cultural figures, and second, kings, statesmen, and military leaders. During the study, individual biographical data on famous historical figures from the studied regions and time periods, obtained in previous studies using astronomical chronology, were supplemented and refined. The historical and biographical data on the lives of famous historical figures, reconstructed in this work, will help establish reliable dates for the most important historical events of the studied and subsequent eras in Europe, Asia Minor, and other regions of the world.
Copyright (c) 2026 Volkov A.S. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
From sovereign leader to citizen Romanov: the image of Emperor Nicholas II in the newspapers of Moscow (July 1914 – February 1917)
the purpose of the article is to study the image of Emperor Nicholas II, formed in the socio-political newspapers of Moscow during the First World War. The study of this issue is facilitated by the involvement of newspapers belonging to various ideological trends as sources. An important aspect of the work is both the context and the nature of the mentions in the emperor's press. Some of the newspapers we examined preferred not to focus the reader's attention on the figure and actions of the tsar, limiting themselves only to the publication of official reports. Using the example of Moscow publications, the study shows that even at the very beginning of the war, amid a patriotic upsurge, the reigning emperor was not particularly popular on the pages of non-monarchical periodicals. During the war, the media's attention to the monarch's figure weakens. Newspaper publications after the February Revolution demonstrate criticism of the autocratic system, identified with Nikolai Alexandrovich. The last emperor is criticized even by monarchists, which reveals the change that took place in 1914-1917 in the perception of the image of the tsar by the press and society. Such studies help to gain a holistic view of public opinion in Russia during the First World War and the Revolution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kaburov A.R. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Features of the collection of traditional Bashkir costumes by the ethnographer S.N. Shitova at the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography in Ufa
the article provides an analysis of the collections of Bashkir clothing in the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, by S.N. Shitova, Candidate of Historical Sciences. The article reconstructs the history of collecting Bashkir collections in Bashkortostan and neighboring regions. The ethnographic collection includes women's and men's clothing, headwear, jewelry, and footwear, representing various variants of the local complexes of the Bashkir traditional costume. The museum exhibits were collected by ethnographers, from other museums, and from private sources. Based on the analysis of the museum's exhibits, donation books, collection inventories, and S.N. Shitova's field ethnographic diaries, which are stored in the National Museum of the Bashkir People, the article explores the features of the collection, manufacturing techniques, and everyday use of the Bashkir people's costume complexes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Makhmudov A.R. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The place and role of religion and the church in the formation and development of Ancient Russian society and the state and the centralized Moscow state in the period from the 9th to the 17th centuries
the presented scientific article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the place and role of religion and the church in the formation and development of Ancient Russian society and the state, as well as the centralized Moscow state in the period from the 9th to the 17th centuries. The relevance of the work is due to the fundamental influence of the religious factor on the formation of Russian statehood, the legal system and cultural identity. The methodological basis was made up of historical-legal, comparative-historical and systematic methods, which allowed for a multidimensional analysis of the stated topic. In the course of the research, it was established that already at the early stages pagan beliefs determined the "spirit" and "letter" of Slavic sacred law. The key milestone was the adoption of Christianity in 988, which contributed to the consolidation of society, the penetration of writing, the codification of law (Russian Truth) and the reception of advanced Byzantine legal norms. The author notes that the Orthodox Church played a decisive role in the unification of the Russian lands, overcoming feudal fragmentation and the Mongol-Tatar yoke, as well as in legitimizing autocratic power. It is noted that during the era of the Muscovite Empire, the church actively participated in public administration and the ideological justification of centralization, which was reflected in such documents as the Stoglav and the Conciliar Code of 1649. The article draws attention to the fact that by the end of the period under review, there was a tendency towards the gradual subordination of the church to secular authority, and the restriction of its economic and political rights. Based on the conducted research, the author introduces the fact that during the 9th–17th centuries, religion and the church (Orthodox religious beliefs) were a key integration factor that had a fundamental impact on all spheres of life of Russian society and the state.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sereda S.P. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Constructing the image of an “Islamist” in the media of Tajikistan and Uzbekistan
the article analyzes the construction of the image of the "Islamist" in state and semi-state media in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan from 2014 to the present. The study reveals how media discourse is used as a tool of "soft power" to legitimize security policies and strengthen the secular model of the state. Based on a comparative analysis of materials from leading media in the two countries, the authors identify key narratives used in shaping the image of the "Islamist": a threat to national security, an external threat, and betrayal of national interests. It is shown that Tajik media predominantly use an emotional and tragic narrative referring to the civil war, while Uzbek media are dominated by a bureaucratic and legal discourse. It is established that, despite differences in rhetoric, in both countries the image of the "Islamist" is deliberately simplified and demonized, which contributes to the consolidation of society around the current government and justifies the existing model of secular authoritarianism.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khafizova Z.A., Kudelin A.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Forms of transmitting women’s handicraft skills in Bashkir culture
the study aims to examine the historical forms and methods through which handicraft knowledge was transmitted, as well as to investigate contemporary approaches to the promotion and preservation of traditional women’s crafts. The source base includes both published and unpublished materials, including field notes collected by the author in rural settlements of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2024-2025. The research employs analytical, comparative-historical, and descriptive methods. The results may be applied in ethnographic and cultural studies, as well as in practical efforts aimed at safeguarding ethnocultural heritage. The analysis of the historical and contemporary roles of women’s handicrafts demonstrates a shift in their functions – from a vital necessity to a form of leisure activity. The study identifies diverse mechanisms for transmitting craft knowledge: family traditions, apprenticeship with skilled artisans, collective work practices such as pomochi (“?м?”), village gatherings, women’s community organizations, craft festivals and celebrations, as well as written sources. Women’s handicraft practices served as an important sociocultural medium, facilitating communication and interaction within communities and families, contributing to youth socialization, and functioning as a vehicle for the transmission of cultural values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bayazitova R.R. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The role of the Pirogov Congresses in the formation of the state sanitary service system of Russia (part 1, 1885-1900)
this article examines the role of the Pirogov Congresses in the formation of Russia's public health system from 1885 to 1900. One of their objectives was to petition for the establishment of a supreme medical authority in Russia in the form of an independent Ministry of Health. It is noted that the activities of the Pirogov Congresses were a key step in laying the foundations of the future state system of comparative statistics on general morbidity in the country. It is noted that the topic of the urban crisis was repeatedly raised in terms of the sanitary condition of cities and the living conditions of their populations, demonstrating the high relevance of this socio-environmental issue for the period under review. Key objectives are identified, including a course toward improving medical care for the population based on the practical achievements of zemstvo medicine, the dissemination of hygienic knowledge among the population, the development of the foundations of sanitary statistics, and the need to reform the management system of the medical and sanitary sector by creating an independent Ministry of Public Health. It was concluded that the resolutions of the congresses formed the basis for the programs of activities of sanitary doctors to combat malaria, tuberculosis, infant mortality, and improve the living and working conditions of vulnerable groups of the population.
Copyright (c) 2026 Volodina Y.A., Yurgina O.M. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
K.Sh. Shadunts: scientific legacy in the field of soil mechanics and foundation engineering
this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the life, scientific, and pedagogical activities of K. Sh. Shadunts, an outstanding Soviet and Russian scientist in the field of soil mechanics and foundation engineering (1933-2017). The paper examines the main stages of his professional development, including his work on virgin lands and his teaching activities at the Krasnodar Polytechnic Institute and the Kuban State Agrarian University. The contribution of the scientist to the development of the theory of landslide processes, slope stability, and foundation design in the complex soil conditions of the South of Russia is analyzed. Special attention is paid to K. Sh. Shadunts' scientific legacy, which includes 428 published works, 2 monographs, and 112 inventions. The practical significance of his developments for the construction industry, particularly his patented methods for constructing pile foundations, is identified. The role of the scientist in the formation of a scientific school in the field of geotechnics is determined. For the first time, a comprehensive analysis of the activities of his students and followers who continue to develop their mentor's ideas is presented.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gaevskaya I.I., Podtelkov V.V., Rudenko Y.E. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Wearing the hijab in Russian educational institutions: a challenge to public order or a fulfillment of religious traditions?
this article analyzes the issue of wearing the hijab by Muslim female students in Russian educational institutions, an issue that has repeatedly resurfaced in Russian public life over the past fifteen years. Having arisen initially at the level of individual rural schools (the Nogai village of Kara-Tyube in the Stavropol Territory (2013) and the Tatar village of Belozerye in Mordovia (2014)), although it had already acquired an all-Russian scandalous sound at this stage of its development, this problem has grown to such a state that this year already in the third Russian region (Vladimir and Voronezh regions (2024), Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (2025) a complete ban on wearing hijabs in schools has been legally introduced. The author, based on a study of the available scientific literature and journalism, a simultaneous study of the results of his own representative sociological survey (interviews), conducted an analysis of this topical issue, with an emphasis on clarifying precisely its prohibitive aspects, that is, determining what caused such a strictly negative attitude of the official authorities to this issue and what is the point of view of representatives of the Russian Ummah Muslim community itself.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gallyamov R.R. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The historical development of the Communist Party in the Siberian region: the formation of party structures and electoral dynamics in the 1990s
the article is devoted to the study of the formation and development of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation in the Siberian macroregion in the 1990s. The article analyzes the specifics of the Communist movement's adaptation to the post-Soviet political realities in the context of the transformation of the state system and the socio-economic crisis. The methodological basis of the research is a comprehensive historical analysis of the organizational structure, electoral dynamics and programmatic activities of the party using a comparative method in the study of regional differences. The main stages of the restoration of party structures based on the personnel potential of the former CPSU committees, the mechanisms of mobilization of the protest electorate and the specifics of the formation of a regional political strategy are revealed. It is established that the party has demonstrated successful adaptation to the new conditions, having created an extensive organizational network and achieved significant electoral results, especially in the industrial and agricultural territories of the region. The uneven development of party organizations in various regions of Siberia is determined and internal contradictions in strategic approaches to interaction with regional authorities are revealed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mayorov G.A., Mayorova E.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The political system of the free society of Akhty – para in the first half of the 19th century
the Akhty-para was politically a feudal socio-political organization on the eve of joining Russia. If we compare it with the old tribal organization, then this system was distinguished, firstly, by the division of the population of this free society along territorial lines. If earlier unions of the clan organization arose on the basis of blood kinship, were connected with a certain territory, then in the first half of the 19th century these ties lost their former significance. By the beginning of the 19th century, Akhty–para included societies or jamaats that were completely unrelated to kinship. For example, the Akhtyparinsky free society included not only Lezgian villages, but also Rutul villages – Borch and Khnov. They also remained part of the aforementioned society even after Dagestan joined the Russian state. Territorial ties, which arose on the basis of private property, enabled representatives of this political entity to implement their social rights and duties at the place of settlement, regardless of their clan and tribe. Describing the state system in the so-called "free societies", representatives of pre-revolutionary historiography sought to show its patriarchy in their works and denied the existence of the foundations of statehood in them. The Akhtyparinsky free society, although it retained various forms of tribal organization, nevertheless, in its social content, it served as an instrument of confrontation between opposing classes. The main governing bodies and sources of power were the aksakals, the council of aksakals, and the kazii (kadii).
Copyright (c) 2026 Kelbekhanova M.R., Makhadov A.K. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The digital transformation of Iraq (1990–2022) and its impact on foreign policy and international relations
this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of Iraq's digital transformation from 1990 to 2022, with a particular emphasis on how this change influenced the country's governance institutions, foreign policy goals, and international positioning. The study follows the evolution of Iraq's digital landscape through three crucial phases: the post-Gulf War isolation of the 1990s, the reconstruction period following the 2003 U.S.-led invasion, and the post-ISIS era, which is marked by renewed ambitions for modernization and global reintegration. The study looks at the evolution of digital infrastructure, such as data hubs like the Silk Route Transit Network, broadband connectivity, and telephony networks. It examines Iraq's national digital government initiatives, such as the establishment of digital identity systems, e-government portals, and payment regulations. Additionally, it assesses Iraq's standing in international indices of digital governance, specifically the UN E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and the E-Participation Index.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hassan H.J. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
On M.E. Sheremeteva’s study of historical and ethnographic zones in the Kaluga Province (1925-1929): evidence from the State archive of the Kaluga Region
this article examines the scholarly activities of Maria Evgenievna Sheremeteva, a prominent Kaluga local historian and ethnographer, during the second half of the 1920s. The study focuses on her investigation of cultural and ethnographic zones within the Kaluga Province, drawing on materials from the funds of the State Archive of the Kaluga Region. Another objective was to compile a chronologically ordered, comprehensive list of M. E. Sheremeteva’s published works (1925-1929) based on her field ethnographic research. The analysis identified 13 such publications, which document Sheremeteva’s contribution to the study of both material culture (dwellings, household utensils, traditional costume) and spiritual culture (rituals, folklore). The article concludes that Sheremeteva’s works are of significant value for the preservation of ethnocultural heritage, having received state-level scientific recognition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kuznetsov A.N., Shtepa A.V., Moiseenko N.A. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Semyon Fedorovich Kazansky. Founder of industrial railway hygiene
this article is devoted to studying the specifics and formation of industry standards for railway hygiene at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The analysis identifies key determinants that influenced the development of sanitary regulations governing rail transport. Special attention is given to the role of transportation communications in epidemic processes and the functional purpose of railways as a means of implementing preventive measures. It has been established that adequate control over the functioning of transport infrastructure under unfavorable epidemiological conditions requires implementation of a centralized state-sanctioned regulation model. Rail transport is not only considered an important mode of transport providing movement of people and goods but also a powerful tool for implementing preventive measures against mass diseases and epidemics. Railroads serve as platforms for targeted government projects including quarantine measures, health monitoring of passengers and staff, mass vaccination campaigns, and disinfection activities. The solution lies in creating scientifically grounded conceptual methodological approaches consistent with the overall ideology of the emerging socio-political order of the state. Separate initiatives by Professor S.F. Kazansky aimed at optimizing the sanitary-epidemiological condition of railway stations and adjacent territories are discussed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shuvalov E.G. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Bashkirs and the Siberian Khanate: a review of historiography
the article examines the problem of the relationship between the Bashkirs and the Siberian Khanate according to historiography. The chronological framework of the article covers the period XV-XVII centuries. This is the time of Bashkir interaction with the rulers of the Siberian Khanate and their heirs. The period under review is poorly covered in the sources. The schematic data of the Bashkir shezhere and incomplete information from the Russian chronicles do not allow us to reconstruct the consistent course of events. Historiography is represented by sections in collective works and monographic studies. It has been established that the Trans-Ural Bashkirs were subordinate to the Siberian Khanate, although at times the Siberian khans may have claimed authority over the Ural part of Bashkiria. Since the Siberian Khanate did not have clearly defined borders, it is not possible to accurately determine the extent of the Siberian khans' authority over the Bashkirs. The cited works note that the Bashkirs who became part of the Siberian Khanate lived along the Yaik (Ural), Tobol, Miass, and Iset rivers. Among the Bashkir tribes that were part of the Siberian Khanate, the most commonly mentioned are the Tabyns, the Katays, the Salyuts, and the Synryans. Unwilling to submit to the Siberian khans, the Bashkirs migrated from the eastern to the western side of the Ural Mountains. However, the beginning of Russian colonization led to a reverse migration from the western to the eastern side of the Ural Mountains. The Bashkirs in the Siberian Khanate were subject to yasak taxation and military service. There is no reason to include the Bashkir tribes that were under the control of the Siberian Khanate among the Kazakhs or Tatars. These tribes did not undergo assimilation and retained their Bashkir identity. It is possible that the Trans-Ural Bashkirs became the main support for Khan Kuchum and his successors in their struggle against the Russian state. It is concluded that the role of the Bashkirs should be taken into account when studying the history of the Siberian Khanate.
Copyright (c) 2026 Antonov I.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tatar fairy tale in the works of folklorists of the 40s-80s of the XX century
this article examines the period of development of the national Tatar folklore and traditions of studying the genre of fairy tales as a part of it. The stages of collecting, recording and publishing folklore materials on the mythology of the Kazan Tatars in general and on the study of the Tatar fairy tale in particular are outlined. The period we have chosen in the 40s-80s of the twentieth century was the development and popularization of ethnography as a science, marked by an increase in the level of culture among the peoples living in the USSR at that time. A theoretical justification of the Tatar fairy tale genre is proposed. The texts of scientific works of the specified period devoted to the analysis of national consciousness through Tatar mythological images and fairy-tale plots are studied.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gizatullina D.N., Ivanov G.A., Zalyaev R.I. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
an article about the inner core of the Russian Cossack's character. All the mechanisms were in place among the Cossacks to ensure its constant reproduction. These are, first of all: historical memory, – no one knew his past like a Cossack; the specifics of the perception of the motherland – the Cossack had it sharpened to the limit and was always his love; "free will" – which the Cossack would not sell for anything, since it was his life; honor – the Cossack always respected moral duty to himself, his family, and the Cossacks; dignity – he knew his Cossack business perfectly and observed firmness in military valor; faith in himself and in all his patrons was much stronger than religious fanaticism; service and justice – the Cossack was always sincere towards his chosen right path of life, friendship, society, and The leader.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shuralyov A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The traditional Bashkir breastplate: a bridge between the past and the future
the analysis of the continuity of traditional culture and its role is presented on the example of the Bashkir women's breastplate. The article examines the evolution of the semantics and functions of the Bashkir breastplate from an amulet to a modern cultural symbol. The research is based on field materials and women's needlework collected during ethnographic expeditions to various settlements of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The author notes that using specific examples, it is possible to reveal the sacred knowledge embedded in the ornament and manufacturing techniques that contribute to the preservation and actualization of the national heritage. The key factors influencing the transformation of traditional Bashkir women's bibs have also been identified, and the mechanisms of their creative processing by modern craftsmen, designers, etc. have been analyzed. Due to its ability to integrate into new contexts, such as stylized miniature brooches, souvenirs, high-fashion items, etc., the bib does not remain a museum artifact, but continues to live as a cultural and historical heritage of Bashkirs. This suggests that, based on the unique traditional Bashkir breastplate, modern stylized products are an important tool for preserving Bashkir culture and promoting the national brand.
Copyright (c) 2026 Islamova R.H. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tourism in Russia: historical experience and modern challenges
the article is devoted to the analysis of the historical evolution of tourism in Russia with an emphasis on its transformation under the influence of socio-economic and political factors. The key stages of the industry's development are considered – from the emergence of individual tourist routes in Ancient Russia to the modern stage of forced reorientation to the domestic market. Special attention is paid to the process of institutionalization of tourism, changing its role in public policy and adaptation mechanisms in the face of external challenges. The study demonstrates that historical experience serves as the basis for the formation of a sustainable model of the tourism industry, capable of effectively using the national cultural and natural potential.
Copyright (c) 2026 Karpov D.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
On the written sources for studying the traditional female costume of Kaluga Governorate inhabitants
this article presents the authors’ interpretation of extant written evidence preserved in the form of publications in the regional press – specifically, the Kaluga Governorate Gazette (Kaluzhskie Gubernskie Vedomosti) from the mid-19th century – as well as in a number of ethnographic essays published in the 1920s–1930s. These materials constitute a distinct corpus of written sources that allows tracing the history of the traditional female costume worn by inhabitants of the Kaluga Governorate from the 19th century to the first third of the 20th century. In their research, the authors draw on materials from Prince V.N. Tenishev’s Ethnographic Bureau, along with scholarly works by M.E. Sheremeteva, N.I. Lebedeva, and N.P. Grinkova. The focus is placed on systematizing data concerning the evolution of local clothing complexes and their geographic distribution. The study demonstrates that the surviving written sources document not only the composition and structural features of the costume but also its social, ritual, and ethnocultural functions. Furthermore, the research emphasizes that the degree of preservation of traditional clothing correlates with the cultural isolation of local groups, including the Gamayunshchina, Monastyrshchina, and Polesie communities. Based on their analysis, the authors conclude that written sources are of crucial importance for reconstructing traditional clothing complexes, restoring local norms of costume usage, and deepening the understanding of the cultural specificity of the population of the Kaluga region.
Copyright (c) 2026 Kuznetsov A.N., Shtepa A.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Memory of the Polish uprisings in the Soviet Union on the example of the magazine “Poland” in 1968-1985
the article examines the representation of the history of the Polish uprisings of the late 18th–19th centuries during the "Era of Stagnation" (1968–1985) in the illustrated magazine "Poland," which was distributed in the Soviet Union by the government of the Polish People's Republic. After analyzing the source, the author concludes that the uprisings were portrayed as part of a pan-European revolutionary movement, rather than a national movement directed against Russian rule. The magazine emphasized the connections between Russian revolutionaries and Polish insurgents. Thus, within the official discourse of the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), which was presented in the magazine, the communist rule in Poland and the Soviet-Polish military-political alliance received additional legitimization by being presented as the legacy of the ideas of the Polish insurgents.
Copyright (c) 2026 Panov S.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The image of Orthodoxy in the Revelations of St. Birgitta of Sweden: on the ideology of Magnus Eriksson's campaign against Novgorod in 1348
the aim of this article is to examine the image of Orthodoxy in the "Revelations" of St. Brigitta of Sweden during the Crusade against Novgorod in 1348-1438. Historiography typically cites Bridget's calls for a campaign against Rus' without analyzing the references to Orthodoxy in her "Revelations". The author analyzes Bridget's attitude toward Eastern Christians, who were, on the one hand, portrayed as schismatics who had deviated from the true faith, and on the other, as pious people ignorant of the true role of the papacy. The primary focus is on the role of religious factors, in particular, how the "Revelations" of St. Brigitta of Sweden reflect the image of "schismatic" Orthodoxy in Swedish society. The study demonstrates that the ideology of Birgitta's "Revelations" could have been a significant factor in mobilizing resources and justifying the campaign against Novgorod, but takes into account that the description of Birgitta as the inspirer of this campaign comes from later sources. It concludes that religious rhetoric played a contradictory role in justifying and motivating Magnus Eriksson's military campaign against Novgorod.
Copyright (c) 2026 Pershin Y.V. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Tatar fairy tale in the works of scientists of the late twentieth century – early twenty-first century
this article examines the period of revival and popularization of national Tatar folklore and traditions of studying the genre of fairy tales as a part of it. The stages of collecting, recording and publishing folklore materials on the mythology of the Kazan Tatars in general and on the study of the Tatar fairy tale in particular are outlined. The period we have chosen at the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, during which ethnography was revived and popularized as a science, was also marked by the growth of national consciousness among the peoples living in the Russian Federation at that time. A theoretical justification of the Tatar fairy tale genre is proposed. The texts of scientific works of the specified period devoted to the analysis of national consciousness through Tatar mythological images and fairy-tale plots are studied.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gizatullina D.N. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Formation and overview of the ethnographic collections of the Perm Bashkirs in the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences
this article presents a study of Bashkir artifacts from the ethnographic collection of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Institute of Economics, Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, collected in the late 20th century in the Perm region. The study aims to examine museum collections that highlight the unique history of the cultural traditions of the Perm Bashkirs. Museum collections and ethnographic field notes obtained during expeditions in the Bardym district of the Perm region served as the basis for the study. In addition to the primary sources, archival and photographic materials from the Scientific Collection of the Ufa Federal Research Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, were analyzed. The study identified and analyzed ethnographic data on household items and clothing represented in museum collections collected during expeditions to the Perm Bashkirs. This study utilized the historical-comparative method, classification, and quantitative analysis. These methods allowed us to examine and analyze the museum's acquisition of new ethnographic materials. The study's novelty lies in its exploration of archaic elements of the traditional culture of the Perm Bashkirs, including their agricultural lifestyle, housing arrangements, and traditional costume. The materials discovered in the museum contribute to the study of regional characteristics, conditioned by natural and geographic factors, in the development of the ethnic history and culture of the Perm Bashkirs. The materials obtained can be effectively integrated into the educational process, serving as a basis for teaching historical disciplines, creating museum catalogs and albums, and conducting comprehensive scientific research in the history and ethnography of the Bashkir people.
The process of developing solutions to border conflicts and ways to realizing national interests
this article focuses on border conflicts and ways to realize national interests. It examines the types of conflicts and the factors that influence their emergence. It presents the key characteristics of armed conflict, including the use of military force; the presence of two or more parties pursuing their own interests and goals; distinctive features, such as the absence of a clear front line; the use of irregular formations; asymmetrical combat; and the use of information and non-military actions against the enemy. The article discusses the differences between armed conflict and full-scale war. It is noted that war is primarily caused by profound contradictions in the economic and political spheres; war has decisive intentions; and the resolution of these contradictions, in turn, meets the vital interests of the nation. Armed conflicts are typically dominated by smaller territorial disputes, as well as national, ethnic, religious, and other differences, which are essentially derivatives of the underlying contradictions. War leads to fundamental changes in the state and the military, with martial law being declared during war. State institutions assume special functions, power is centralized, the rights and freedoms of citizens are restricted, all the country's resources are mobilized, and the economy and social sphere are restructured to achieve victory. During war, all forms of combat are employed – informational, legal, diplomatic, economic, military, and others-while armed conflicts are generally limited to clashes involving conventional weapons.
Copyright (c) 2026 Toth D. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0