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References and list of references references to sources (literature) in the text of the article are given in square brackets (the author's surname or the beginning of the title of the work is indicated, the year of publication of the work is indicated, pages are given separated by a colon): [Arutyunov 1989: 24], [North Caucasus… 2007: 140]; When referring to several sources, the positions are separated by a semicolon [Aglarov 1988; Begeulov 2005: 16; North Caucasus… 2007]. Titles that have a generally accepted abbreviation may be abbreviated, for example, “Adyghe, Balkars, and Karachays in the News of European Authors” – ABKIEA [ABKIEA 1974: 200]. When referring to articles or books written jointly by two authors, both authors are indicated [Borov, Dzamikhov 1998: 40]. When referring to articles or books written jointly by three or more authors, the last name of the first author should be indicated and “et al.” should be written [Borov et al. 1999]. When referring to works by the same author published in the same year, the works should be differentiated by adding the Latin letters a, b, c to the year of publication [Borov 2010a], [Borov 2010b]. Archival sources in the text are disclosed in full: [RGADA. F. 1406. Op. 1. D. 255. L. 15]. References to newspapers and magazines should include the author and title of the cited material, the title of the publication, the date of publication, page, issue and year of publication (and, if freely accessible, the Internet address of the corresponding page. References to Internet resources* with information, reference, official and other sources that are not scientific and analytical materials should be given in page-by-page footnotes, without including these items in the bibliography. * Violations in vote counting during the 2012 presidential elections // Map of election violations. URL: http://www.kartanarusheniy.org/analytics/narusheniya-po-podschetu-golosov-na-vyborah-prezidenta-v-2012-godu (accessed on 29.04.2016). * Decision of the Supreme Court of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic of August 30, 2002 // Website of the Association of Forest Users of Priladozhye, Pomorye and Prionezhye. URL: http://www.alppp.ru/court/20-apelljacionnyj-sud/08-2002/reshenie-verhovnogo-suda-kabardino-balkarskoj-respubliki-ot-30-08-2002.html (accessed on 12.05.2016). * Chronology of the history of the Chechen Republic // Ataginsky forum on the website "Starye Atagi". URL: http://st-atagi.ru/forum/27-139-1 (date of access: 21.10.2017). * Linear Cossacks // History of the Kuban Cossacks: website. URL: http://kuban-cossacks.ru/boevaya-slava-kubanskogo-kazachego-vojska/linejnye-kazaki (date of access: 27.10.2017). * Parties in Kabardino-Balkaria admitted the impossibility of competing with "United Russia" // Internet media "Caucasian Knot". URL: http://www.kavkaz-uzel.eu/articles/289567/ (date of access: 22.06.2017). If the list of sources and literature contains works with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) ​​or EDN (eLIBRARY Document Number), then it is mandatory to indicate the DOI or EDN in the full bibliographic description of the work. Sources (literature) are given as a list after the main text with a centered heading "LIST OF SOURCES AND REFERENCES". The list of sources and literature is given strictly in alphabetical order; the list of references is typed with a paragraph indent (1 cm), font size 12 pt., line spacing 1, justification alignment. Bibliographic description of sources (literature) in the list is given in accordance with GOST R 7.05-2008: when referring to a book, it is necessary to indicate the publisher and the total number of pages in the book; when referring to a multi-volume publication, it is necessary to indicate how many volumes there are in total and which volume is being referred to; a reference to a periodical is given as follows: Full name of the author. Title of the article // Title of the journal. Year. Volume (Vol.). No. Page spacing of the article; the design of all printed publications and Internet sources is carried out in accordance with GOST R 7.05-2008. It is not recommended to refer to dissertation abstracts and dissertations. Example of formatting a list of references ИСТОЧНИКИ И ЛИТЕРАТУРА Агларов 1988 – Агларов М.А. Сельская община в нагорном Дагестане в XVII – начале XIX в. – Москва: Наука, 1988. – 243 с. АБКИЕА 1999 – Адыги, балкарцы, карачаевцы в известиях европейских авторов XIII-XIX вв. / Сост. В.К. Гарданов. – Нальчик: Эльбрус, 1974. – 635 с. Алаев 1977 – Алаев Л.Б. Проблема сельской общины в классовых обществах // Вопросы истории. – 1977. – № 2. – С. 98-110. Арутюнов 1989 – Арутюнов С.А. Народы и культуры: развитие и взаимодействие. – М.: Наука, 1989. – 243 с. Бегеулов 2005 – Бегеулов Р.М. Народы Центрального Кавказа в XVII – первой четверти XIX века: этнополитические аспекты взаимоотношений: дисс. … д.и.н. – СПб., 2005. – 365 с. Белл 1974 – Белл Дж. Дневник пребывания в Черкесии в течение 1837, 1838, 1839 гг. // Адыги, балкарцы и карачаевцы в известиях европейских авторов XIII-XIX вв. / сост. В.К. Гарданов. – Нальчик: Эльбрус, 1974. – С. 458-530. Блинов 1913 – Блинов И. Исторические материалы, извлеченные из сенаторского архива. Сенаторские ревизии // Журнал министерства юстиции. – 1913. – № 4. – С. 285-314. Боров, Дзамихов 1998 – Боров А.Х., Дзамихов К.Ф. Россия и Северный Кавказ: этапы взаимоотношений // Известия КБНЦ РАН. – 1998. – № 1. – С. 142-150. Боров и др. 1999 – Боров А.Х., Думанов Х.М., Кажаров В.Х. Современная государственность Кабардино-Балкарии: истоки, пути становления, проблемы. – Нальчик: Эль-Фа, 1999. – 184 с. Кажаров 1994 – Кажаров В.Х. Традиционные общественные институты кабардинцев и их кризис в конце XVIII – первой половине XIX в.: автореф. дисс. … д.и.н. – Москва, 1994. – 44 с. Карлгоф 2004 – Карлгоф Н.И. О политическом устройстве черкесских племен, населяющих Северо-Восточный берег Черного моря // Ландшафт, этнографические и исторические процессы на Северном Кавказе в XIX – нач. XXв. – Нальчик: Эль-Фа, 2004. – С. 104-135. Клычников 2013 – Клычников Ю.Ю. Перспектива новых трактовок традиционных конфликтных сюжетов в кавказоведении (на примере т.н. Кавказской войны) // Материалы Международного форума историков-кавказоведов (14-15 октября 2013 г., г. Ростов-на-Дону) / отв. ред. Черноус В.В. – Ростов н/Д: МАРТ, 2013. – С. 81-88. Письмо М.Ф. Орлова 1963 – Письмо М.Ф. Орлова А.Н. Раевскому из Кишинева, 13.X. 1820 // Орлов М.Ф. Капитуляция Парижа. Политические сочинения. Письма. – М.: АН СССР, 1963. – 376 с. Ревель 1998 – Ревель Ж. История и социальные науки во Франции: На примере эволюции школы «Анналов» // Новая и новейшая история. – 1998. – №5. – С. 77-102. РГАДА – Российский государственный архив древних актов РГВИА – Российский государственный военно-исторический архив Северный Кавказ… 2007 – Северный Кавказ в составе Российской империи / Отв. ред. И. Л. Бабич, В.О. Бобровников. – Москва: Новое литературное обозрение, 2007. – 460 с. Системный кризис… 2011 – Системный кризис на Северном Кавказе и государственная стратегия развития макрорегиона. Материалы всероссийской научной конференции (13-15 сентября 2011 г., Ростов-на Дону) / отв. ред. акад. Г.Г. Матишов. – Ростов н/Д: ЮНЦ РАН, 2011. – 288 с. Сущий 2013 – Сущий С.Я. Северный Кавказ: Реалии, проблемы, перспективы первой трети XXI века. – М.: ЛЕНАНД, 2013. – 432 с. Указ императора 1820 – Указ императора Александра I за № 28 354 от 13 июля 1820 г. «О распределении пленных Горских народов, аманатов и Кабардинских беев и узденей» // Полное собрание законов Российской империи (ПСЗРИ). – СПб., 1830. Собр. I. 1830. Т. XXXVII. № 28354. Федоров 1983 – Федоров Я.А. Историческая этнография Северного Кавказа. – М.: МГУ, 1983. – 128 с. Хантингтон 2006 – Хантингтон С. Столкновение цивилизаций. – М.: АСТ; АСТ Москва, 2006. – 571 с. ЦГА КБР – Центральный государственный архив Кабардино-Балкарской Республики. Челеби 1979 – Челеби Э. Книга путешествия (Извлечения из сочинения турецкого путешественника XVII века). Вып. 2. Земли Северного Кавказа, Поволжья и Подонья. – М.: Наука, 1979. – 287 с. Черноус 2005 – Черноус В.В. Российская идентичность на Кавказе: вызовы и ответы XXI в. // Россия и Кавказ: История и современность. Материалы научной конференции, 11-12 ноября 2004 года. – Владикавказ: ИПП им. В.А. Гассиева, 2005. – С. 312-316. Carr 1967 – Carr E.H. What Is History? – London.: Penguin Books, 1967. – 159 p. Inal-Ipa 2012 – Inal-Ipa A. The Circassian question and Abkhazia: historical factors and contemporary challenges. 23 May 2012 // Abkhaz world: website. URL: http://abkhazworld.com/aw/analysis/773-the-circassian-question-and-abkhazia-by-arda-inal-ipa (date of access: 24.05.2012). McNeill 1984 – McNeill W. The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. – 416 p. Megill 1994 – Megill A. Jorn Rusen’s Theory of Historiography: Between Modernism and Rhetoric of Enquiry // History and Theory. – 1994. – Vol. 33. – No 1. – P. 39-60. 3.3.4. References The English-language list of references (References) is typed with a paragraph indent (1 cm), font size 12 pt., line spacing 1, justified alignment. In References, all information about works in Russian must be transliterated into English in accordance with the transliteration rules (according to the BSI standard). Transliteration can be done on the website http://translit.ru (in the drop-down list with options, select the BSI encoding system). After transliteration, it is necessary to re-arrange the list alphabetically, taking into account the English-language works cited in the list of sources and literature. The authors' surnames are printed in capital letters. Transliterated titles of works are highlighted in italics. Before the title of a collection, multi-volume or continuing publication, periodical, which includes the work described, it is necessary to indicate - "IN:" instead of "//" (two slashes). All works and publications in Russian are given with the appropriate note (In Russian) In References, when citing translated (into Russian) books and articles, the original title and spelling of the foreign author's surname should be given. In all cases, the authors' surnames and initials are given in transliteration. The names of journals are given in transliteration. After transliteration, the translation of the title of the work (publication name) into English is given in square brackets for each position. The place of publication must be indicated in full. The city is indicated in transliteration or an established translation is given. The name of the publisher is given in transliteration. The name of the publisher consists of an informative part and a clarifying part. For example, the publishing house of Moscow State University may have the full name "Publishing House (Printing House) of Moscow State University" or "Publishing House of Moscow University", but only MSU is an essential part. It is this part that needs to be written and given in transliteration, everything else can be omitted. Issue, collection and page references are in English. References example REFERENCES Adygi, balkartsy, karachaevtsy v izvestiyakh evropeiskikh avtorov XIII–XIX vv. [Adyghe, Balkars, Karachays in the Accounts of European Authors of the XIIIth – XIXth Centuries] / Edited by V.K. Gardanov. – Nalchik: El’brus, 1974. – 635 p. (In Russian) AGLAROV M.A. Sel’skaya obshchina v nagornom Dagestane v XVII – nachale XIX v. [Rural Community in Upland Dagestan in the XVIIth – beginnings the XIXth Century] – Moscow: Nauka, 1988. – 243 p. (In Russian) ALAEV L.B. Problema sel’skoi obshchiny v klassovykh obshchestvakh [The Problem of Rural Community in Class Society]. IN: Voprosy istorii. – 1977. – № 2. – P. 98-110. (In Russian) ARUTYUNOV S.A. Narody i kul’tury: razvitie i vzaimodeistvie [Peoples and Cultures: Development and Interacrion]. – Moscow: Nauka, 1989. – 243 p. (In Russian) BEGEULOV R.M. Narody Tsentral’nogo Kavkaza v XVII – pervoi chetverti XIX veka: etnopoliticheskie aspekty vzaimootnoshenii: diss. … d.i.n. [Peoples of the Central Caucasus in the XVIIth – the first quarter of XIXthCentury: Ethnopolitical Aspects of Interrelations] – St. Petersburg, 2005. – 365 p. (In Russian) BELL J. Dnevnik prebyvaniya v Cherkesii v techenie 1837, 1838, 1839 gg. [Journal of a Residence in Circassia during the years 1837, 1838, 1839]. IN: Adygi, balkartsy i karachaevtsy v izvestiyakh evropeiskikh avtorov XIII-XIX vv. [Adyghe, Balkars, Karachays in the Accounts of European Authors of the XIIIth – XIXth Centuries] / Edited by V.K. Gardanov. – Nalchik: El’brus, 1974. – P. 458-530. (In Russian) BLINOV I. Istoricheskie materialy, izvlechennye iz senatorskogo arkhiva. Senatorskie revizii [Historical Materials, Excerpts from Senate’s Archive. Senatorial Revisions]. IN: Zhurnal ministerstva yustitsii. – 1913. – № 4. – P. 285-314. (In Russian) BOROV A.KH., DUMANOV KH.M., KAZHAROV V.KH. Sovremennaya gosudarstvennost’ Kabardino-Balkarii: istoki, puti stanovleniya, problemy [Modern Statehood of Kabardin-Balkaria: Beginnings, Ways of Becoming, Problems]. – Nalchik: El’-Fa, 1999. – 184 p. (In Russian) BOROV A.KH., DZAMIKHOV K.F. Rossiya i Severnyi Kavkaz: etapy vzaimootnoshenii [Russia and the North Caucasus: The Stages of Interrelations]. IN: Izvestiya KBNTs RAN. – 1998. – № 1. – P. 142-150. (In Russian) CARR E.H. What Is History? – London: Penguin Books, 1967. – 159 p. (In English) CHELEBI E. Kniga puteshestviya (Izvlecheniya iz sochineniya turetskogo puteshestvennika XVII veka) [Book of Travels (Excerpts from the Writing of Turkish Traveller of the XVIIth Century)]. Iss. 2. Zemli Severnogo Kavkaza, Povolzh’ya i Podon’ya [Issue 2. Lands of the North Caucasus, Volga and Don Regions]. – Moscow: Nauka, 1979. – 287 p. (In Russian) CHERNOUS V.V. Rossiiskaya identichnost’ na Kavkaze: vyzovy i otvety XXI v. [Russian Identity in the Caucasus: Challenges and Responses of the XXI Century]. IN: Rossiya i Kavkaz: Istoriya i sovremennost’. Materialy nauchnoi konferentsii, 11-12 noyabrya 2004 goda [Russia and the Caucasus: History and Present Times. Proceedings of the Scientific Conference, November 11-12, 2004]. – Vladikavkaz: IPP im. V.A. Gassieva, 2005. – P. 312-316. (In Russian) FEDOROV YA.A. Istoricheskaya etnografiya Severnogo Kavkaza [Historical Ethnography of the North Caucasus]. – Moscow: MGU, 1983. – 128 p. (In Russian) INAL-IPA A. The Circassian question and Abkhazia: historical factors and contemporary challenges. 23 May 2012 // Abkhaz world: website. URL: http://abkhazworld.com/aw/analysis/773-the-circassian-question-and-abkhazia-by-arda-inal-ipa (access date: 24.05.2012). (In English) KARLGOF N.I. O politicheskom ustroistve cherkesskikh plemen, naselyayushchikh Severo-Vostochnyi bereg Chernogo moray [On Political Structure of Circassian Tribes Inhabiting the North-East Coast of Black Sea]. IN: Landshaft, etnograficheskie i istoricheskie protsessy na Severnom Kavkaze v XIX – nach. XX v. [Landscape, Ethnographical and Historical Processes in the North Caucasus in the XIXth – the beginnings of XXthCentury] – Nalchik: El’-Fa, 2004. – P. 104-135. (In Russian) KAZHAROV V.KH. Traditsionnye obshchestvennye instituty kabardintsev i ikh krizis v kontse XVIII – pervoi polovine XIX v.: avtoref. diss. … d.i.n. [Traditional Social Institutions of Kabardins at the end of XVIIIth – first half of XIXth Century ] – Moscow, 1994. – 44 p. (In Russian) KHANTINGTON S. Stolknovenie tsivilizatsii [The Clash of Civilizations]. – Moscow: AST; AST Moscow, 2006. – 571 p. (In Russian) KLYCHNIKOV YU.YU. Perspektiva novykh traktovok traditsionnykh konfliktnykh syuzhetov v kavkazovedenii (na primere t.n. Kavkazskoi voiny) [Prospects of New Interpretations of Traditionally Controversial Subjects in Caucasian Studies]. IN: Materialy Mezhdunarodnogo foruma istorikov-kavkazovedov (14-15 oktyabrya 2013 g., g. Rostov-na-Donu) [Proceedings of International Forum of Historians of Caucasus (October 14-15, 2013)] / Ed. by Chernous V.V. – Rostov-on-Don: MART, 2013. – P. 81-88. (In Russian) MCNEILL W. The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force, and Society since A.D. 1000. – Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984. – 416 p. (In English) MEGILL A. Jorn Rusen’s Theory of Historiography: Between Modernism and Rhetoric of Enquiry // History and Theory. – 1994. – Vol. 33. – No 1. – P. 39-60. (In English) Pis’mo M.F. Orlova A.N. Raevskomu iz Kishineva, 13.X. 1820 [M.F. Orlov’ Letter to A.N. Raevsky from Kishinev, 13.X.1820]. IN: Orlov M.F. Kapitulyatsiya Parizha. Politicheskie sochineniya. Pis’ma [Orlov M.F. Capitulation of Paris. Political Writings. Letters]. – Moscow: AN SSSR, 1963. – 376 p. (In Russian) REVEL’ ZH. Istoriya i sotsial’nye nauki vo Frantsii: Na primere evolyutsii shkoly «Annalov» [History and the Social Sciences in France: By the Case of “Annales” School’ Evolution]. IN: Novaya i noveishaya istoriya. – 1998. – №5. – P. 77-102. (In Russian) Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi arkhiv drevnikh aktov [Russian State Archives of Ancient Documents]. (In Russian) Rossiiskii gosudarstvennyi voenno-istoricheskii arkhiv [Russian State Military Historical Archives]. (In Russian) Severnyi Kavkaz v sostave Rossiiskoi imperii [North Caucasus in Russian Empire] / Ed. by I. L. Babich, V.O. Bobrovnikov. – Moscow: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie, 2007. – 460 p. (In Russian) Sistemnyi krizis na Severnom Kavkaze i gosudarstvennaya strategiya razvitiya makroregiona. Materialy vserossiiskoi nauchnoi konferentsii (13-15 sentyabrya 2011 g., Rostov-na Donu) [Systemic Crisis in the North Caucasus and State Strategy for the Development of Macro-Region. Proceedings of All-Russia Scientific Conference (September 13-15, 2011)] / Ed. by akad. G.G. Matishov. – Rostov-on-Don: SSC RAS, 2011. – 288 p. (In Russian) SUSHCHII S.YA. Severnyi Kavkaz: Realii, problemy, perspektivy pervoi treti XXI veka [North Caucasus: Realities, Problems, Perspectives in the First Third of XXI Century]. – Moscow: LENAND, 2013. – 432 p. (In Russian) Tsentral’nyi gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Kabardino-Balkarskoi Respubliki [Central State Archives of Kabardin-Balkar Republic]. (In Russian) Ukaz imperatora Aleksandra I za № 28 354 ot 13 iyulya 1820 g. «O raspredelenii plennykh Gorskikh narodov, amanatov i Kabardinskikh beev i uzdenei» [Decree of the Emperor Alexander I N 28 354 of July 13 1820 “On Allocation of Mountaineer Captives, Amanats and Kabardin Lords and Vassals”]. IN: Polnoe sobranie zakonov Rossiiskoi imperii (PSZRI) [Complete Compilation of the Laws of Russian Empire]. – St. Petersburg, 1830. Collect. I. 1830. Vol. XXXVII. № 28354. (In Russian)
Ethnogenesis and sociogenesis in the formation of historical Balkaria (some research results)
The article is devoted to the problem of Balkar ethnogenesis, considered in the context of the ethnopolitical situation in the Central Caucasus during the Golden Horde period. A set of sources that shed light on the early ethnic history of the Balkars is analyzed: information from Persian authors of the late 14th-early 15th centuries Sharaf ad-din Yazdi and Nizam ad-din Shami, materials from the academic expedition of G. Yu. Klaproth to the Caucasus in 1807-1808, ethnogenetic and genealogical legends about the origin of various divisions of the Balkar people, materials from archaeological excursions of V. F. Miller and M. M. Kovalevsky to mountain societies in the 1880s, etc.Some results of research into the process of ethnogenesis of the Balkars in modern historiography are summarized. It is emphasized that the process of formation of an ethnic group is accompanied by its socio-potestary self-organization. This aspect of ethnogenesis cannot be ignored in the historical interpretation of the ethnogenesis of the Balkars and the formation of Balkaria as an ethno-socio-territorial entity. Just as in pre-revolutionary and Soviet historiography, the article asserts that the place where the processes of Karachay-Balkar ethnogenesis ended was the highlands of the Central Caucasus, corresponding to the Balkar ethnic area of a later time.In relation to the 15th-16th centuries, we can talk about the stabilization in the highland zone of the Central Caucasus of a special ethno-socio-territorial entity, which later became known to the outside world as Balkaria. Its population acquired a set of characteristics of an ethnic group as a special community of people: territorial integrity, common language and social ties, specific features of traditional material and spiritual culture.The study allowed us to conclude that the main components of the Karachay-Balkar ethnogenesis – the autochthonous Caucasian, Iranian (Sarmatian-Alanian) and Turkic (Bulgar-Kipchak) – interacted over a long historical period. However, the formation of the Balkarian ethnic group itself, localized within the historical Balkaria, occurred only with the end of the Golden Horde era.
版权所有 © Muratova E.G., Borov A.K., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Modernization of foreign trade of the peoples of the North-Western and Central Caucasus: the problem of choice between Taman and Astrakhan at the end of the 18th century
In the second half of the 18th century, foreign trade relations of the population of the Central and Northwestern Caucasus underwent significant changes. The noted phenomenon was the result of the interaction of a complex of socio-economic and geopolitical processes that took place in the region during this period. With the increase in the turnover of the mountaineers' production economy, its further development came into conflict with the preserved traditional forms and mechanisms of functioning of the Black Sea direction of foreign trade. Communications of the Black Sea traffic could not fully satisfy the growing needs of the region's population. In contrast, the Astrakhan direction of foreign trade turnover in the second half of the 18th century was at a stage of unprecedented growth, ensured by skillful regulation and competent trade policy of Russia. The wide involvement of the population of the Central and North-West Caucasus in the Astrakhan trade was objectively conditioned not only by economic expediency, but also by the logic of historical events.
版权所有 © Dzughanov T.A., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The attitude of the rulers of Zasulak to the liberation movement of the North Caucasian peoples under the leadership of Sheikh Mansur (1785-1791) based on materials from the kizlyar commandant's office
The article, based on documents from the 379th Fund of the Central State Archives of the Republic of Dagestan and special historical literature, examines Sheikh Mansur's movement and the attitude of the rulers of Zasulak Kumykia towards it. According to the authors, Sheikh Mansur was the first to formulate and develop the idea of an imam as the legitimate leader of all Muslims in the Caucasus region. It is emphasized that the attitude of the Zasulak princes towards Sheikh Mansur's movement was not straightforward. Some of the Kumyk feudal lords supported the Imam, but most of them remained loyal to the Russian crown and did not join the movement. According to documents in the F. 379 collection, the rulers of the Zasulak region provided information about Sheikh Mansur's movement, its participants, plans, and more to the official representatives of the Russian administration in the Caucasus, such as the commandants of Kizlyar.It is concluded that 1786 was a turning point in the fate of the political and legal entities of Zasulak Kumykia, marking the irrevocable establishment of their rulers' dependence on the Russian Empire.
版权所有 © Guseinov Y.M., Abdusalamov M.B., Idrisov Y.M., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Structure and powers of financial institutions in the Caucasus region in 1827-1845
The article is devoted to the study of the structure and powers of the financial institutions of the Caucasian Region in 1827-1845, based on an analysis of the main provisions of the "Imperial Approved Institution for the Administration of the Caucasian Region" (1827). To achieve this, the article examines the features of the formation and activities of financial institutions at the national, regional (financial institutions of the Caucasian Region), district (financial powers of the district bodies of the Caucasian Region), and local (financial powers of the local bodies of the Caucasian Region) levels. It is noted that the Ministry of Finance, through its representatives in the Caucasus Committee, participated in the development of a general strategy for the region's economic development, which allowed the imperial authorities to combine general imperial interests with local specifics, creating a balanced model of financial management for the empire's outlying regions. Attention is drawn to the fact that the Caucasian Treasury Chamber played a key role in the financial management system of the region and adjacent territories, combining the functions of revenue collection, expenditure control, and methodological guidance for lower-level financial authorities. The status and powers of the district treasuries and certain local authorities and courts are described. It is concluded that the financial management model created at that time reflected the balance between unification and regional specificity that was characteristic of the Russian Empire throughout the 19th century.
版权所有 © Dyshekov M.V., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some features of the organization of barter trade on the Caucasian Line in the 1840s and the first half of the 1850s
The article is devoted to the study of some features of the organization of barter trade on the Caucasian Line in the 1840s and the first half of the 1850s. The principles and plans for organizing barter trade in the Caucasus are considered. It is noted that the authorities considered it expedient to establish trading yards near cities or large villages to ensure easy access for local residents. The staff of the Office of the Chief Trustee of Trade Relations with the Highlanders and the exchange yards has been determined, and their salaries have been set according to their positions. It is noted that the locations of the exchange yards covered a significant area of the Caucasus, including cities (Kizlyar, Mozdok, Pyatigorsk, and Yekaterinodar), villages (Chervlennaya, Naurskaya, Prokhladnenskaya, Batal-Pashinskaya, and Ust-Labinskaya), and fortresses (Kavkazskaya). It has been established that specific peoples, such as the Kumyks, Chechens, Ingush, Kabardians, Ossetians, Balkars, Karachais, Nogais, Abazins, as well as various Circassian and other neighboring peoples, were assigned to each exchange yard. An approximate list of goods was established for mutual exchange at the barter points. It is concluded that despite the coherence of the military and political situation in the region in the 1840s and the first half of the 1850s, the Russian authorities sought to create an effective and mutually beneficial system of barter trade with the indigenous population of the Caucasus, demonstrating their attempt to integrate the region into the economic space of the empire.
版权所有 © Berbekova M.K., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Some features of the territorial organization of the first hundred of the Terek Permanent Militia in the Nalchik District in the last third of the 19th century and the early 20th century
The article is devoted to the study of some features of the territorial organization of the activities of the first hundred of the Terek Permanent Militia in the Nalchik District in the last third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. The article examines the features of the work of the first hundred of the militia in the Nalchik District in terms of protecting the employees of the district and district government offices and guarding the security posts. The article also examines the distribution of guards under the head of the Nalchik District, his senior and junior assistants, and the heads of the districts. The article examines the dynamics of changes in the number of policemen who served at the Nalchik, Shalushkin, Urvan, Kyashev, Cherek, and Doutokov cordon posts at different times. It is noted that service in the first hundred of the Terek Permanent Militia created additional social elevators for the population of the Nalchik District: inclusion in the system of public order enforcement bodies, receiving salaries from the treasury and class ranks, etc. It is concluded that in the last third of the 19th century and the early 20th century, the first hundred of the Terek Permanent Militia played a key role in ensuring public order and the functioning of the administrative apparatus in the Nalchik District. It is noted that she was not only a security unit of the Terek Permanent Militia, but also an important segment of state administration in the region at that time, contributing to the strengthening of power and the integration of the local population into the political and legal system of Russia.
版权所有 © Dabagova I.M., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Teacher training and pedagogical courses in the Nalchik district in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries
The article is devoted to the study of the teacher training system and the functioning of pedagogical courses in the Kabarda (Nalchik) district in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. The paper analyzes the legal framework governing the organization of teacher education during this period, and examines the specifics of the implementation of educational policy in a multi-ethnic region. The government's measures aimed at overcoming the shortage of teachers are shown. Initially, teachers' seminaries focused on the training of rural teachers became the main form of staff training. However, their limited effectiveness contributed to the spread of short-term pedagogical courses in the Russian Empire as a more operational tool for teacher training. The article analyzes the socio-historical and cultural factors that determined the effectiveness of educational initiatives. Examples of both successful and ineffective courses organized within the same school district are given. A comparison of their results allows us to draw conclusions about the conditions affecting the effectiveness of pedagogical courses. The article examines the evolution of various forms of pedagogical training in the Kabardian (Nalchik) district, from the first courses of K. Atazhukin and special departments in the 1870s to two–year courses under the guidance of I.M. Karmova, as well as short-term professional development courses. This paper traces the relationship of these initiatives with the educational policy of the Caucasian Educational District and the regional specifics of the Kabardian (Nalchik) district. The use of archival sources revealed both the continuity of these forms and their limited effectiveness due to administrative decisions, co-financing from local societies, and a weak methodological base. The results of the study expand the understanding of the inclusion of the Caucasus in the educational space of the Russian Empire and the importance of early initiatives to develop education and primary school education in the region. The article is valuable for historians and researchers of the history of education who study the processes of formation of teaching staff and the functioning of pedagogical institutes in multinational regions of the Russian Empire.
版权所有 © Urusmambetova L.A., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mountain Jews in Kabardino-Balkaria: Problems of Socioeconomic Development and Emigration
The article comprehensively examines the problems of socio-economic development of the Mountain Jewish community in Kabardino-Balkaria in the 1920s–1980s and the reasons for their emigration in the late 1990s. It summarizes the experience of the Executive Committee of the Soviets of the Mountain Jewish Colony in organizing the cooperation of leather-working artisans into production cooperatives and agricultural partnerships. The article also identifies the number of dispossessed and repressed Mountain Jews. The community's efforts to eliminate illiteracy, as well as its efforts to develop education, culture, and the formation of a national intelligentsia, have been studied. The article explores the participation of Mountain Jews in the Great Patriotic War. It also examines the socio-economic development of the Mountain Jewish community in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in the post-war period, during the years of perestroika, and in the post-Soviet era. Our research suggests that the democratic transformations that took place in the post-Soviet space in the 1980s and 1990s created favorable conditions for the Mountain Jews to freely choose their country of residence. As a result, a significant number of Mountain Jews began to leave the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The reasons for emigration have been identified, and the main ones are Israel's policy aimed at uniting the Jewish nation and the desire of the Mountain Jews to live in their historical homeland.
版权所有 © Tetuev A.I., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The interaction of the Ministry of nationalities and public projects of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic with the national cultural associations of the republic as part of the implementation of the state national policy of the Russian Federation
The article examines the influence of national and cultural associations of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic on the social and political situation in the country, which largely depends on their cooperation with government and local government bodies. It is noted that in the case of well-established and coordinated interaction between government agencies and civil society institutions, it is possible to prevent the manifestation of ethnic intolerance and conflict potential. Examples of the main areas in which government and local government bodies of the republic interact with national and cultural associations are given. The key tasks facing national and cultural associations are highlighted, including: collecting and systematizing the interests of the represented ethnocultural communities; representing these interests in government and local government bodies; participating in the development of solutions aimed at meeting these needs. In the course of the study, a number of key areas were identified in which the Ministry of Nationalities and Public Projects of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic interacts with national and cultural associations. The author concludes that this kind of close interaction has a powerful anti-conflict potential, promotes the strengthening of civic activism and interethnic harmony, and improves the quality of social services provided by the state to society.
版权所有 © Ber A.R., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Meat food in the traditional gastronomic culture of the Kabardians in the late 19th – early 20th century
The article is devoted to the study of meat dishes in the traditional gastronomic culture of the Kabardians in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It provides general information about meat dishes, methods and technologies for preparing meat dishes, as well as information about the variety of meat dishes made from cattle, small livestock, and poultry. Based on the analysis of scientific literature and field materials collected by the staff of the Kabardino-Balkarian Research Institute in the 1950s and 1970s in the villages of Kabardino-Balkaria, the article examines the features of cooking dishes made from lamb and its by-products, goat meat, beef, and the meat of some other animals. The article draws attention to the widespread use of lamb, beef, and poultry meat in Kabardian cuisine, and also describes the methods of preparing dishes from these ingredients. The study revealed that poultry meat can be classified according to its prestige. It was also found that goat meat dishes were widely used in the traditional gastronomic culture of the Kabardians. It was revealed that most dishes had names in their native language that accurately reflected their semantics and characteristics. It has been established that meat was one of the markers of ethnocultural identity, reflecting one's belonging to one's own people.
版权所有 © Balkarova Z.M., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The literary work of Ismail Abayev (Izmail-Bey) as a source for the ethnography of the Balkarians (based on the materials of the newspaper "Volny gorets")
The article examines ethnographic plots in the published, but previously unexplored literary works of the first, essentially, Balkar prose writer Ismail Kaitukovich Abaev, characterizing various aspects of the traditional everyday life of the Balkar people and revealing a number of similarities with the traditional everyday life of other peoples of the North Caucasus. I.K. Abaev became the first Balkar prose writer who also wrote in Russian, some of whose works were published in the printed organ of the Caucasian Mensheviks, the newspaper "Volny Gorets", and also one of the first screenwriters from among the North Caucasian peoples, and in the era of the formation of feature films as a new art form. The personality of I.K. Abaev, extraordinary for the North Caucasus of the pre-Soviet and early Soviet period, remains little studied and not as widely known as the figures of some other representatives of the first galaxy of the Balkar intelligentsia. In his short stories, called sketches, I.K. Abaev tried to cover different aspects of the traditional life of the Balkar people: wedding customs, folk games, economic activities, trade and family ties with neighboring peoples, customs of blood feud and atalychestvo. At the same time, some of the plots of his stories are placed in a certain historical context, in particular the events of the early 20th century that took place in the Russian Empire. The biography and work of Ismail Abaev provide interesting and valuable material for Balkar researchers, but at the same time require further, even more in-depth study.
版权所有 © Gegrayev K.K., Gegrayev K.K., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Features of wedding auto decor in the Karachay-Cherkessia
In the 2020s, companies specializing in wedding car decoration appeared in Karachay-Cherkessia. Announcements began to appear on social networks and online platforms about various types of wedding motorcade design that are new to the region. In this article, we will look at the features of wedding car decoration, as well as the changes that have occurred in the design of cars in recent years. The auto–decoration of wedding motorcades is an important element of modern wedding rituals, which reflects not only the aesthetic preferences of the newlyweds, but also, in some cases, the cultural traditions of the region. The wedding decor is considered from the perspective of a semiotic approach that performs a marking role. Based on the research of foreign and domestic researchers, as well as field materials collected by the authors, it was possible to characterize the modern car decor as a marker of national identity. At the beginning of the article, a small historical digression is given, which allows us to show how in the past historical periods.The need for self-identification has always existed among the majority of society, since Karachay-Cherkessia is home to five titular nations. In such a multinational entity, many newlyweds had a desire to emphasize their national identity, and in recent years this has become very relevant and important for most of the married couple. It is important to emphasize that in this article we consider only such markers that were used in the design of the machine body. The conducted research allows us to conclude that the car acts as a means of marking the national identity of the married couple.
版权所有 © Albogachieva M.S., Dzhemakulova N.V., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Сyberethnicity in action: the creation of the Udi’ national flag
The article is devoted to the history of creation and semantics of the national flag of the Udi, one of the peoples of the Eastern Caucasus. The purpose of this article is to consider the history of creation of the flag as one of the examples of cyber-ethnicity – the representation of ethnicity in the virtual space, since the flag was developed as a symbol in the VKontakte social network by discussing projects and voting of participants. Based on field interviews and analysis of materials from social networks, the author undertook an attempt to reconstruct the development of the flag as a symbol uniting the Udi. Based on the analysis of over 20 flag designs and the interpretation of their main symbols and colors (hazelnut, dove, Albanian cross, blue, white, green, red, and brown), it was concluded that the flag plays a consolidating role as a symbol of the Udi people, uniting representatives of all generations and representing the components of their national identity, such as peacefulness, agriculture, religiosity, and diligence.
版权所有 © Ermoshina A.V., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Funeral ritual complex Mukharramlik in Derbent: main development trends in the XX and early XXI centuries
The article is devoted to the study of the mourning ritual complex Muharramlik in Derbent, which is a central event for the local Shiite community. The author analyzes its transformation in the Soviet and post-Soviet periods, highlighting the key factors of change. Two main trends are highlighted: the preservation of local traditions (for example, the "bash chapan" ritual) and the borrowing of practices from Iran and Iraq, and the change in the balance between them in recent decades is determined, as well as the role of religious revival in the region and the influence of the global Shiite world in these processes. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of young people who received religious education abroad and new public institutions that shape the modern appearance of the rite. Particular attention is paid to visual and institutional changes, such as the emergence of new rituals, charitable foundations and the involvement of women in the organization of rituals. The article also considers the community's interaction with the outside world, including the Sunni majority, representatives of other faiths in the city, local authorities and tourists. The article is based on the author’s field materials (interviews, observations, photos and videos) collected in Derbent in 2007-2008 and in 2022.
版权所有 © Kapustina E.L., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Features of the formation of youth some elements of traditional culture in the formation of behavior strategies of modern Adygh youth (based on the materials of Kabardino-Balkaria)
The article is devoted to the historical aspects of modern problems of regional youth, actualized by real state and, accordingly, scientific research interest. The practical significance of the results is associated with modern discussions of supporters of traditionalist and fundamentalist views. The use of predominantly ethnographic methodology for the study of an interdisciplinary problem is determined by an appeal to the period of "archaism" and "yesterday" of the Adyghe culture. Traditional age gradations of youth were gender- and class-differentiated. The system of prohibitions, permissions and obligations that existed in the past and applied to young people had a clearly expressed ethnic specificity. The results of the study allow us to call "verbal", "food", "spatial" and "seating" restrictions and taboos the most stable. It is the preservation of the latter to this day that proves the traditional basis of the modern Adyghe culture.
版权所有 © Zakhokhova M.R., Nalchikova E.A., Apazheva S.S., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On the characteristics of the internal trade of the peoples of the North Caucasus: archive document of 1754
In the 18th century, the peoples of the North Caucasus conducted active domestic and foreign trade, which played an important role in their socio-economic life. Trade relations facilitated the exchange of goods and cultural traditions between different ethnic groups. Unfortunately, domestic trade in the region of the 18th century has been studied much more modestly in science than foreign trade. However, the study of domestic trade in the region during the 18th century is less extensive than the study of foreign trade. The Russian-Mountain trade relations, due to the availability of numerous archival documents, have been extensively researched. This article publishes one of the rare documents that characterize the range of handicraft products that were available in the domestic trade of the North Caucasus (in this case, in this case Chechnya, Malaya and Bolshaya Kabarda, as well as the Nogai nomads) by the mid-18th century, which is of independent scientific interest.
版权所有 © Akhmadov Y.Z., Demelkhanov S.M., Osmaev A.D., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Historical and ethnographic information about the peoples of the Central Caucasus in the materi-als of the expedition of G.A. Emanuel to the foot of Elbrus in 1829
For the first time, the article analyzes historical and ethnographic information obtained during the expedition to Elbrus, organized by the commander of the troops on the Caucasian line, in Chernomoriya and Astrakhan, the head of the Caucasian region, General G.A. Emanuel, using a comparative method. Some of the identified information of that period is unique, and their introduction It will expand the scientific understanding of Caucasian scholars about the peoples of the region.The research was based on the works of A.Ya. Kupfer and J.-S. de Beche, which contain, among other things, unique information about Circassians (Adyghe), Karachays, Malkars, Bezengians, Khulamians, Chegemians, Urusbians and Digorians about the policy of the Russian Empire in the Caucasus, toponymy in Circassian (Adyghe) language along the route of the expedition., about how the name of the Kuban River appeared, about the political structure and customs of the Circassians, as well as the ethnogenesis of the Karachays, Bezengians, Malkars and Urusbians. This study compares these sources with the information known at the time by S. Bronevsky, Yu.G. Klaproth, and several other authors. The former collected and summarized almost all the records of scientists who described the Caucasus at the time, with the exception of Yu.G. Klaproth, whose work was first published in Germany, so S. Bronevsky did not use it in his work. Therefore, these sources are analyzed separately.
版权所有 © Khashirov A.V., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Crimean war of 1853–1856 in the memories of contemporaries
The article, based on archival materials introdused in to scientific circulation for the first time, reveals an unknown page in the scientific activity of the prominent Russian Soviet scientist, caucasus specialist M.A. Polievktov (1872-1942). Based on archival material deposited in the fund on the scientist of the Central Historical Archive of Georgia, a small, but characteristic epizode of the scientific work of M.A. Polievktov, decleated tj the patriotic theme, is restored.During the Great Patriotic War, M.A. Polievktov, like many historians, could not remain indiffierent to the heroism of the Soviet people. The handwritten unfinished work «The Crimean War of 1853-1856 in the notes and letters of contemporaries» (f. 1505. inv 1. case 70. 34 sheets) was addressed to the historical memory of the heroes of the Crimean War and recalled the glorious military traditions of their cencestors. In one of his last work (1942) M.A. Polievktov presented a tipology of the perception of war, «heroism and devastation», characteristie of last yeare of the Nichоlae regime. He noted that some author of memoirs have discovered a deep undestanting of the dramatic conseguences in the life of Russian society caused of the Crimean War.
版权所有 © Sulaberidze Y.S., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Military and everyday life of Transcaucasia during the Crimean war through the eyes of a contemporary
This article analyzes the field diary of Lieutenant General I.D. Popko as a historical source that reconstructs the military and everyday life of Russian soldiers during the Crimean War (1853-1856). The main plots are devoted to the description of battles and moods in the army, consideration of the ethnography of Transcaucasia, natural and climatic features of the region, urban life, and the local education system. Ivan Diomidovich was interested in the history of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, studied the life of the Terek and Kuban Cossacks, as well as the mountain peoples. He sought to preserve the historical memory of the military events in which he participated, so many of his scientific publications were devoted to military topics. During the Crimean War, I.D. Popko was enlisted in the corps operating on the Caucasian-Turkish border as a duty staff officer. In his field diary, Ivan Diomidovich reflected the military everyday life, heroism and exploits of the Russian soldier. The travel diary of I.D. Popko is an important historical source not only for researchers studying the military daily life of Russian soldiers during the Crimean War, but also the ethnography of the Caucasus and Transcaucasia, the culture and life of local peoples, their traditions and customs.
版权所有 © Chernigovskaya A.I., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Signs of the horse-breeding crisis in the Kabarda in the second half of the 19th century based on periodical press materials
The article is devoted to the analysis of the role of horse breeding in the socio-economic life of Kabarda in the second half of the 19th century and the identification of signs of its crisis in the pages of the Russian periodicals of that time. The article examines the features of the development of horse breeding, its importance in the economic system of the region, as well as the direct and indirect influence of political and economic factors on this sector. Special attention is paid to the assessments of contemporaries reflected in the periodicals that covered the state of horse breeding, the analysis of the causes of its decline, and proposals for overcoming the crisis. The article identifies the factors of the decline of this industry, which the authors attribute to the reluctance of most horse breeders to use new methods of horse breeding and raising. Using the example of horse breeding, the article explores the process of transformation and modernization of traditional farming in the region during the land reform of the 1860s.
版权所有 © Pashtov I.V., Kuz’minov P.A., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Integration processes in the Kabardian (Nalchik) district as reflected in the newspaper «Cauca-sus» (1860–1910)
The article examines materials published in the newspaper Kavkaz, which reflect information about integration processes in the Kabardian (Nalchik) district. The topic is addressed in response to the work of Yu.M. Azikova, published in Kavkazologiya No. 2 for 2024, which is devoted to the study of the reflection in the pages of the main newspaper of the Caucasus region of aspects of the socio-spatial unity of Kabarda and Balkaria. The corpus of periodical press sources used in it does not seem to be sufficiently representative to reveal the stated topic. This article clarifies the substantive value of the materials from the Kavkaz newspaper that were mentioned but not properly interpreted, considering their informative potential, which illustrates the integrative functions of the Caucasian authorities and the joint self-government of the Kabardians and Balkarians. The proposed expansion of the range of newspaper materials used allows us to turn to the study of more diverse trends in public-state and inter-community interaction. The publications under consideration deepen and expand the possibilities for realizing the informational potential of the Kavkaz newspaper as an important source of periodicals on the processes of sociocultural integration in Kabardino (Nalchik District) in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries.
版权所有 © Prasolov D.N., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Spiritual insight of the heroes in the novel by Ahmedkhan Naloev "Riders of the dawn"
The objective of this article is to integrate the national Kabardino-Circassian literature into the new socio-cultural reality, which will help determine its status in the modern artistic context. An attempt has been made to substantiate the concept of a comparative-typological nature – the transition from stating the general provisions of literary criticism to developing specific issues on specific material, that is, analyzing and identifying the national-artistic context of the novel "Riders of the Dawn". It has been established that the work of the Kabardian prose writer Akhmedkhan Naloyev is currently still among the little-studied. It is argued that to date his work is still among the little-studied: there are no monographs or other scientific works on a comprehensive study of the author's works. Currently, only the dictionary entry of P. Shevlokov with the same name, the article of S. Alkhasova in the KBIGI Bulletin and the preface of M. Sokurov to the Russian translation of the novel are known. Meanwhile, a serious study of the work of the writer Akhmedkhan Naloev is caused by an urgent need. It is shown that the novel by Akhmedkhan Naloev was written in the then dominant Soviet ideology and methodology of socialist realism, with artistic comprehension, a consistent recreation of the atmosphere of days gone by. A successful and original choice of the theme of the novel, the writer's ability to boldly and broadly cover the grandiose historical events in the life of the small Kabardian people, together with the talent of the author himself: liveliness and clarity of image, the ability to penetrate into the depths of the problem and philosophically comprehend it - these are the distinctive features of the author in this work. It is proven that A. Naloev successfully coped with the main task - to reveal as fully as possible the spiritual life and character of a person whose image should be depicted in expressive colors. The stated goal determines the task. The theoretical significance of the work is that this article will to some extent fill the existing gap in Kabardino-Circassian literary criticism. Research methods: comparative-contrastive, comparative-historical, cultural-historical, historical-typological.
版权所有 © Alkhasova S.M., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The topic of existential alone-ness and social degradation in Etim Emin's lyrics
The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the key theme in the lyrics of the classic of Dagestani (Lezgin) poetry Yetim Emin – the tragic interweaving of the existential loneliness of the individual and the degradation of society. The study reveals how Emin’s poetic discourse, rooted in the traditions of Lezgin literature and Sufi thought, conceptualizes friendship as the highest spiritual value, the loss of which (through death, oblivion or betrayal) turns into an ontological catastrophe and metaphysical abandonment in the mortal world (fana) for the lyrical hero. In parallel, the poet’s performance as a merciless diagnostician of the social crisis is analyzed: the erosion of morality, the triumph of envy and self-interest, the devaluation of knowledge (ilim) and spirituality, which is characterized as the state of “corrupted peoples”. The article proves the deep cause-and-effect relationship of these themes: the pathologies of a degrading society are presented as the root cause of suffering and isolation of an individual, whose personal drama is a symptom of the general crisis of humanism. Based on a detailed analysis of the poems, the author examines the artistic means of embodying the tragedy: the use of the genres of elegy, lamentation and ghazal, contrasting metaphors ("mir-fana", "pit of grief", "black heart"), antithesis, lexical doublings (binomes), obsessive redifs and repetitions that create a rhythm of grief. Particular attention is paid to the Sufi subtext, legitimizing the appeal to deceased friends and forming the basis for spiritual resistance through faith and loyalty to the ideal. A conclusion is made about Emin's poetry as a requiem for lost harmony and a humanistic testimony to the tragic fate of man in the era of the disintegration of connections and values, preserving philosophical depth and artistic power.
版权所有 © Kadimov R.G., Chukueva Z.N., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Kabardian police (militsia) detective (based on the works of Rashid Keshokov and Alexander Sarakhov)
The detective genre in Kabardian literary criticism is insufficiently studied, which determines the relevance of the presented research. Based on the works of writers and at the same time law enforcement officers Rashid Keshokov (1907–1975) and Alexander Sarakhov (1934–2022), the features of the Kabardian police (militsia) detective are considered, literary techniques characteristic of this genre are named (main characters are official representatives of law enforcement agencies, work is carried out in a team, it is important to follow procedures, etc.), his connection with the national mentality (description of rituals and customs, characters that are specific only to Caucasian society, the internal code of honor of investigators, etc.). Both authors have shown that detective fiction in Kabardian literature can successfully combine a fascinating plot with serious themes, and national flavor with the universal motives of the law's struggle against crime.
版权所有 © Khashir K.O., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Genre features of Lezghin folk tongue twisters and their educational function
This article examines folk tongue twisters presented in Lezghin children's amusing folklore. The purpose of the article is to identify the specifics of using tongue twisters in children's society, as well as their role in the formation of the aesthetic, artistic and pedagogical content of folklore texts. When studying the tongue twister genre, we rely on the theoretical basis developed in the Russian science of folklore, since this genre has not been studied in Lezghin folklore. The analysis is based on a systematic approach, which involves a comprehensive method for studying folklore in the context of specific realities. The results of the analysis showed that in children's folklore, tongue twisters’ function in the form of entertainment, games. However, the content of the game is revealed only in oral verbal form. In the context of studying tongue twisters in Lezghin children's folklore, the study revealed that tongue twisters can be classified according to various genre features. It has been proven that tongue twisters are used by speech therapists (to eliminate speech defects) and teachers (to strengthen the articulatory speech apparatus and develop speech). Tongue twisters are based on alliterations, internal rhyme, rhythm, frequent repetitions (repeated reproduction of consonant sounds in combination with vowel sounds; repetition of the same words or root words; repetition of entire grammatical constructions; morphological repetitions based on numerals, interjections, etc.).
版权所有 © Gasharova A.R., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On the peculiarities of plural formation in the speech of the kabardino-cherkess diaspora in Turkey (in comparison with the modern Kabardino-Cherkess language)
The article examines the grammatical indicator of the plural in the speech of representatives of the Kabardian-Circassian diaspora in Turkey, in comparison with the literary Kabardian-Circassian language. The study of the speech of Circassians abroad is of scientific interest not only for linguists, but also for historians and ethnographers, in order to restore the history of the language and the culture of the people. It is argued that the speech of representatives of the Circassian diaspora shows an archaic form of plural formation -hэ or хьэ, and the plural is also indicated by the particle сымэ. A comparative analysis of the speech of the diaspora abroad with the dialects and vernaculars of the Kabardian-Cherkessian language showed that in the historical homeland, in the modern speech of some representatives of dialects and vernaculars, the archaic affix -hэ has been preserved instead of the modern -хэ. It is noted that the plural suffix -hэ is primary, and -хэ is a new formation that entered the language with the creation of writing. It is concluded that archaic forms have been preserved in the speech of the Circassian diaspora abroad, and a new suffix -хьэ has been formed as a plural affix. All these changes are caused by external and internal influences on the language.
版权所有 © Abazovа M.M., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Formal-semantic models of structures with predicates expressed by phraseological units in the Karachay-Balkarian language
The article is devoted to the phraseology of the Karachay-Balkar language, which is a valuable source of information about the culture and mentality of the people. The descriptions of the phraseological plan encode the ideas of society about customs, rituals, morals, behavior, which are associated with traditional archetypal stereotypes of idioethnic orientation. The study of phraseology involves an obligatory analysis of its components in terms of their structural and semantic organization and linguacultural significance. This article examines the valence features of phraseological units. As is known, the issues of phraseology began to be studied relatively late. But in recent years, significant results have been achieved in the study of phraseology. Such issues as the main features of phraseological units, their structural-grammatical and semantic types, stylistic and functional features, varieties of phraseological units according to the degree of semantic fusion of their components, etc. have been covered. But many issues are waiting to be covered, one of which is the formal-semantic analysis of constructions in which the predicate position is occupied by phraseological units. Depending on the valence features of phraseological units, they are divided into single, double, triple and syntactically indivisible units. Single and double constructions are characterized by the highest frequency. Triple and syntactically indivisible units are less frequent. In terms of semantics, communicative units with predicates of state, attitude, evaluation with their subclasses prevail among phraseological constructions. Constructions with phraseological predicates expressing various character traits of a person are also quite common. Sentences with predicates of movement, action, thinking, speech, perception, etc. are characterized by lower frequency.
版权所有 © Akhmatova M.A., Tekuev M.M., Khubolov S.M., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The functional and semantic potential of the zoolexeme eshek 'donkey' in the karachay-balkar language
The article is devoted to the vocabulary of the Karachay-Balkarian language. In it, the faunonym eshek 'donkey' is subjected to a multilateral analysis, its word-formation intentions are revealed, and its representation in the composition of various kinds of onyms is noted. The paper notes that the zoolexeme being analyzed is associated with relevant components for the Karachay-Balkarian ethno- and linguistic culture, which, being archaic, are relevant for modern times. In its most general form, in the worldview of the Karachay-Balkarian ethnic group, the donkey appears as a pet, characterized by such characteristics as stubbornness, endurance, hard work and resourcefulness, and love for offspring, which is determined by the worldview of the ethnic group and its mentality, and is mostly found in the corpus of Karachay-Balkarian proverbs and sayings. The donkey is prey for wolves, and its image is in opposition to the image of the horse, which stands much higher in the hierarchy of domestic animals. In animal fairy tales, the donkey, by virtue of his good nature, gets into a difficult situation, but finds opportunities to regain his advantageous status. The poeticized image of the donkey generally correlates with its traditional folk image. The analyzed empirical material makes it possible to speak in general about the universals associated with the image of a donkey. The Eshek zoolexeme is a significant element of the zoomorphic cultural code in the Karachay-Balkarian worldview.
版权所有 © Ketenchiev M.B., Miziev A.M., Akkizova A.A., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Morphological characteristics of Karachay-Balkar geographical names as a lexical category (nouns, adjectives, numerals in toponyms)
The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of geographical names and appellative vocabulary based on the material of the Karachay-Balkar language from the point of view of the grammatical specificity of onomastics, one of the aspects of the grammatical system – the inflection of proper names and their derivative stems. In descriptive-type defining phrases and izafet constructions, formal inflectional features of geographical names and case inflection, which have their own grammatical meaning in toponyms, are considered. Within the framework of this work, limited to onomastic grammar, new acts of naming preserved in their original contextual form, various recorded grammatical topoformants and their variants as a widespread means of forming geographical names are analyzed.An analysis of geographical names shows that in nomenclature phrases used in nominative-common, term-forming and form-forming meanings, there is a lexical-semantic and grammatical connection between the combined components.In the detailed generalization, attention is drawn to the fact that the toponymization of inflectional units of morphology in combination with appellative productive bases, depending on the meaning of the root component, is subject to such affixes as the affix plurality-collectivity, denoting quantitative characteristics of abstract names, plural forms of toponyms, affix of subjective evaluation - чыкъ/-чик, -чукъ/-чюк, affix of profession -чы/-чи, -чий/-чийю, case inflections used in spatio-temporal formations, lexicalizing, isolated in the meaning of another part of speech.
版权所有 © Musukov B.A., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On some features of expressing cause-and-consequence relationships in languages of different structures (using Russian, English and Kabardino-Circassian languages as an example)
The world around us is easier to understand if we establish existing connections between things and phenomena. There is no area of ​​human knowledge that does not refer to the universal laws operating in nature and human consciousness. One of such laws or principles is the principle of the relationship between cause and effect. This paper examines the methods of conveying cause-and-effect relationships in languages ​​of different structures - Russian, English and Kabardino-Circassian. The paper analyzes about 350 examples. The main experimental material was 60 Russian sentences, which were translated into English (using a computer translator) and into Kabardino-Circassian (translated by the authors). As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: 1. all three languages ​​​​have an inventory of means for expressing cause-and-effect relationships; 2. Russian and English are distinguished by a large number of techniques for conveying such relationships; 3. in Russian and English, stylistic differentiation of such means and techniques is clearly visible.
版权所有 © Khashkhozheva Z.T., Boziev A.T., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Representation of concepts «sy'i» ‘respect’, «bet» ‘conscience’, «t'uzl'uk» ‘fairness’ in karachay-balkarian linguoculture
The article examines the representation features of the ethical concepts "sy" ‘respect’, "bet" ‘conscience’, "tyuzlyuk" ‘justice’ in the Karachay-Balkarian linguistic culture. Paremiological, phraseological units, and everyday speech phrases were used as empirical material. The study revealed that these concepts are constants of the moral worldview of the Karachay-Balkarian ethnic group, collectively forming the moral and spiritual category "adamlyk" "human dignity", the linguistic specificity of linguistic means is determined, in which ideas about the norms of behavior and the value system formed over many centuries are fixed. Thus, the concept of "respect" explicates the concepts of high morality, moral responsibility for actions, the concept of "conscience" characterizes a person in terms of his ability to evaluate actions within the scale of "good" – "bad"; the tyuzlyuk concept of "justice" is a semantic structure that represents, on the one hand, the understanding of justice as God's punishment, and on the other hand, the need for an impartial attitude towards each other within society. The mechanism of social regulation is the ethical codes of tau adet and ezden Adet, which represent the normative and non-normative rules of human behavior (traditions, values, etc.).
版权所有 © Bashieva S.K., Ulbasheva Z.M., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The concept “life / zhizn’ / dahar” in English, Russian and Chechen
This article aims to describe the concept “LIFE/ZHIZN’/DAHAR” in English, Russian and Chechen linguocultures. The practical material helped to examine the concept of LIFE in the three cultures and to conduct a comparative analysis based on selected phraseological units of English, Russian and Chechen with the content of the LIFE/ZHIZN’/DAHAR semantic field.The analysis shows that English, Russian and Chechen national perceptions of the concept are similar, with only slight differences. The differences in the perception of the concept of life are justified by the national peculiarities of these ethnic groups: their way of life, worldview, culture and value assessment of the world. From the period of origin to the modern use of this concept in the languages under consideration, one can observe their similar origin and development, as well as the ways of its use
版权所有 © Tasueva S.I., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
«Atazhukinsky garden» as an object of the cultural landscape of Nalchik
Landscape architecture objects (parks, gardens) are of interest for historical, aesthetic and cultural research. The article examines the processes of forming the historical and cultural complex «Atazhukinsky Garden», located in the resort area «Dolinsk» in Nalchik. The subject of the study is the study of the historical and sociocultural design of the park area as an important component of the cultural landscape of urban space. The tasks of the study are due to the need for a comprehensive study of the park as a geographical and historical place that forms the cultural landscape of the territory. Historical research methods restore the history of the formation of the «Atazhukinsky Garden» park from the middle of the 19th century to the present, changes and transformations that have occurred under the influence of political and ideological reasons are recorded. Analysis of the cultural landscape in terms of aгtistic categories allows you to determine the value system that affects the state of emotional and spiritual perception of the area.Cultural analysis involves the study of the geographical, climatic, historical and socio-cultural characteristics of the object of the cultural landscape. As a result of the study, the unique geographical and climatic characteristics of the «Atazhukinsky Garden» park were identified (mineral springs, the Nalchik mountain river, pedestrian alleys and hiking trails with varying degrees of difficulty, favorable temperatures at any time of the year). The importance of the park in the historical and cultural space of the republic is emphasized: the first monuments of monumental art dedicated to various pages of the history of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic, architectural buildings reflecting the processes of forming the city park as a resort area were erected on its territory. It was concluded that in the modern period, modeling of the cultural landscape of the park requires new approaches to its organization, morphology, structure, it becomes necessary to attract specialists in various areas of design and use of the cultural landscape with the involvement of modern information technologies.
版权所有 © Bazieva G.D., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Current problems of functioning of the Kabardino-Circassian literary language
The article discusses the issues that have been raised but not resolved for many years, despite the abundance of conferences, round tables, discussions at the Parliament level and publications in newspapers and magazines. The main obstacle is that neither Kabardino-Balkaria, nor Karachay-Cherkessia, nor Adygea have a state terminology commission (neighboring republics do not have one either). The issue of borrowing foreign vocabulary in the Kabardino-Cherkess language is of particular concern. This study subjects linguists, journalists, and teachers of the native language to justified criticism, who compete with each other to replace long-borrowed and well-established terms and words with artificially invented analogs. Their actions are reminiscent of the "Slavophiles" in Russian linguistics of the distant past, who were ridiculed and stopped at that time. Numerous examples prove the groundlessness (and sometimes stupidity) of the positions of some authors. Some recommendations are given for getting out of the existing picture of the functioning and preservation of the native language. The issues of orthoepy, which our linguists do not deal with, are also touched upon. The author calls for adhering to the norms of the literary language. In conclusion, conclusions are made based on many years of observations of the work of educational institutions and the media in the areas of Adyghe literature, and several recommendations are given.
版权所有 © Bakov K.I., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Anzor Viktorovich Kushkhabiev is 60 years old
In 2025, Anzor Viktorovich Kushkhabiev, a renowned historian and researcher of the history of the Circassian (Adyghe) people, will celebrate his 60th birthday.Anzor Viktorovich Kushkhabiev was born on September 27, 1965, in Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR, in the family of an employee. After graduating from the History Department of the Kabardino-Balkarian State University (KBSU, Nalchik) in 1987 and completing an internship at the same university in 1988, he pursued postgraduate studies at the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow), where he defended his dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Historical Sciences in 1991 and his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences in 1998.The editorial board of the electronic journal "Caucasology" congratulates Anzor Viktorovich on his anniversary and wishes him further creative success, including new scientific discoveries, good health, and inspiration.
版权所有 © - e.s., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The creative path of a teacher and scientist: to the 85th anniversary of H.I. Bakov
The article presents a panoramic picture of the life and creative work of the literary scholar, teacher, Doctor of Philology, Professor Khangeri Ilyasovich Bakov. His contribution to education, science, national literary criticism, criticism, and journalism is noted. A review analysis of the researcher's scientific and scientific-critical works (monographs, collections of articles, chapters and sections in collective publications, etc.) is carried out, indicating the main areas of his activity. The article uses the biographical method, as well as the methods of observation, description, analysis, which made it possible to consider various aspects of the life of Kh.I. Bakov. The results obtained can be used in studying the history of the Adyghe ethnic group, national culture and literature; compiling reference, biobibliographic, encyclopedic publications; developing special courses on various issues of Adyghe literary criticism as a significant fragment of domestic philological science.
版权所有 © Khavzhokova L.B., 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0