ISSN (online): 2409-7810 Founder: NB-Media Ltd. Editor-in-Chief: Narutto Svetlana Vasilyevna, Doctor of Sc., Full Professor Frequency / Assess: 4 issues per year / Open Included in: Higher Attestation Commission list, RISC
Current issues and prospects for the development of social security for employees of the penal enforcement system and their family members
An integral element of the legal status of employees of institutions and bodies executing criminal penalties is their social and legal protection. This concept has a complex nature and includes several types of legal guarantees. The subject of the research is a comprehensive analysis of the current state and the prospects for improving the implementation of social guarantees by employees of the penal enforcement system under modern Russian socio-economic conditions. The aim of the research is to characterize contemporary trends and experiences in implementing social policy in the field of ensuring the welfare of employees of the penal enforcement system and their families; to identify the most relevant and significant issues for law enforcement practice in this area; and to develop a comprehensive set of measures to improve the system of medical, housing, and other types of social security for employees of the Russian penal system. The methodological foundation of this work consists of a group of general scientific and special methods, including dialectical, normative-legal, statistical, sociological, predictive methods, as well as induction and deduction. The novelty of the conducted scientific research lies in: firstly, the development of regulations for providing a separate state service – the provision of high-tech medical assistance not included in the basic mandatory health insurance program; secondly, the normative regulation and introduction of the practice of monitoring the completeness, timeliness, and quality of medical services provided to the contingent of employees of the Federal Penitentiary Service of the Russian Federation; thirdly, the adoption of practices for maintaining the mental health of employees of correctional institutions. Among the optimal and most rational ways to eliminate the identified difficulties in the area of housing provision, one can highlight, firstly, the addition of the list of social guarantees for the penal enforcement employees with the opportunity to obtain a service mortgage, and secondly, the simplification of the procedure for providing housing guarantees through the improvement of inter-agency cooperation in the process of obtaining the necessary documents.
Copyright (c) 2025 Police and investigative activities
Digital Mimicry: Protecting Personal Rights from the Illegal Use of Deepfake Technologies
The present study is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of "digital mimicry" – the illegal use of deep synthesis technologies (deepfake) in the context of protecting individual rights. The subject encompasses both criminal law and forensic aspects of the application of synthetic audio and video materials that reproduce a person's biometric characteristics (appearance, voice, facial expressions) without their consent. Special attention is paid to the qualification of unlawful acts related to deepfakes within the current Russian legislation, identifying gaps in legal regulation, and their correlation with international approaches. Typical models of criminal schemes, including deepfake fraud and "virtual kidnapping," are analyzed, as well as the issues of the admissibility of using synthetic media for cultural, educational, and law enforcement purposes. The research is based on the study of judicial practice, doctrinal sources, comparative legal data, and technological characteristics of modern deep synthesis algorithms. The study employs formal-legal, comparative-legal, forensic, and system-structural methods, combined with an analysis of judicial practice and regulatory acts. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive interdisciplinary examination of the deepfake phenomenon from the perspectives of criminal law, forensic science, and comparative jurisprudence, as well as in formulating proposals for improving Russian legislation in the field of biometric data protection. For the first time, the main models of illegal application of deep synthesis technologies have been systematized and classified, gaps in the qualification of acts related to the forgery of images or voices have been identified, and the necessity of introducing an independent criminal offense into the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has been justified, stipulating liability for the illegal use of synthetic biometric images. Additionally, the significance of implementing procedural guarantees ensuring the admissibility of digital evidence obtained using specialized deepfake detection algorithms has been substantiated. A conclusion has been drawn about the feasibility of developing a unified methodology for proving the fact of deepfake use, integrating automated detection systems, and harmonizing national regulations with international standards.
The concept, signs, and legal nature of extradition
Currently, socially dangerous acts often extend beyond national borders, spreading negative influence worldwide. The possibility of free movement and the widespread implementation of information technologies in all areas of life create situations where the offender is a citizen of one state, the objective aspect of the crime occurs in another, and the harm is inflicted on the interests of a third state or a group of states. Holding such individuals accountable requires the development of complex mechanisms for cooperation between states, and the absence of legal collaboration often leads to practices where criminals, having committed a crime in one state, cross the borders of another to evade criminal responsibility, thus violating one of the fundamental principles of criminal law – the inevitability of punishment. In preparing this research, the author employed various methods, including formal-legal, historical, comparative methods, as well as methods of analysis, induction, and deduction. The concept of extradition, its types, and principles are not explicitly provided in federal legislation. Extradition should be understood as the procedure for the handing over of individuals accused of committing a crime, or convicted, from the requested sovereign state to the requesting state, carried out on the basis of a bilateral or multilateral international agreement, and in other cases – the principle of reciprocity, aimed at ensuring justice and achieving the goals of punishing offenders through the execution of a sentence. Extradition is an intersectoral institution of international cooperation among states in the fight against crime. Relationships in the field of extradition create complex integrated relationships, one part of which has an international-legal character, while the other is domestic. Domestic criminal procedural relations in the area of extradition serve as ensuring relationships with respect to international legal ones. The significance of extradition is determined by the fact that it performs a number of functions. Being enshrined in international legal acts and interstate agreements, it characterizes the cooperation of countries in combating crime, restoring social justice, strengthening international legal order, and implementing the principle of the inevitability of punishment for those who committed a crime in one state and then hid in the territory of another state. With significant preventive potential, extradition has a deterrent effect and ensures the social rehabilitation of convicts.
Illegal circulation of electronic payment instruments and payment documents that are not securities: criminal law characteristics
This article presents a study of the criminal law characteristics of illegal electronic payment instruments and payment documents that are not securities. The relevance of this research topic is due to the fact that Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which deals with the illegal circulation of electronic payment instruments and payment documents that are not securities, has inadvertently undergone significant amendments over the past ten years (in 2015 and 2025). The rapid development of high technology in the banking sector in the late 1920s led not only to the emergence of new payment instruments (in particular, payment stickers) and payment methods (in particular, payment apps), but also to the formation of a «gray» market for electronic payment instruments. To effectively combat this, legislators are frequently forced to reform Article 187 of the Criminal Code. The following methods were used as the methodological basis for the study: analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, comparison, generalization, and the formal-legal method. The author of the article identified the following shortcomings of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation: 1) excessive broadness and casuistry of the wording «counterfeit payment cards, orders for the transfer of funds, documents, or means of payment (except for cases provided for in Article 186 of this Code)»; 2) failure to indicate the deliberate (conscious) counterfeiting of payment cards, orders for the transfer of funds, documents, or means of payment; 3) the absence of a clear distinguishing feature between the elements of the crimes described in Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and Parts 3 and Part 5 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. To address these shortcomings, the article provides recommendations for improving Part 1 of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation and the title of Article 187 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.
Protection of historical memory and historical truth by criminal law: the experience of the Russian Federation
The article examines the problem of criminal legal protection of historical truth and memory in the Russian Federation in modern conditions. The relevance of the research is due to the increasing attempts to falsify historical facts, especially those related to the Great Patriotic War. The scientific novelty of the research lies in an integrated approach to the study of the Russian criminal legislation for the availability of appropriate means to counter these crimes, as well as the development of a system of crimes against the desecration of historical truth. The author analyzes the norms of criminal legislation aimed at countering the distortion of historical events, including articles on the rehabilitation of Nazism and the protection of historical memory. Special attention is paid to the constitutional amendments of 2020, which consolidated the need to protect historical truth at the state level as a constitutional value. The research methodology is based on the application of a systematic, comparative legal and formal legal analysis of the current legislation of the Russian Federation, judicial practice and scientific works in this field. The study shows the effectiveness of existing legal mechanisms and reveals the prospects for their further development to strengthen national identity and preserve historical memory. A special contribution of the author is the analysis of a large number of doctrinal sources and judicial practice materials in order to more accurately reflect the issues under consideration. The author formulated the concepts of "historical memory" and "historical truth", considered the elements of crimes and formed a system of crimes that protect these social relations. The author came to the conclusion that the protection of historical truth and memory is an important component of the national security strategy of the Russian Federation. It promotes the preservation of the historical identity of the people, countering attempts to falsify history, strengthening traditional spiritual and moral values of society and consolidating society based on common historical values.
Review of incident reports received by territorial divisions of internal affairs agencies: the need and possibility of improvement
The subject of this study is the work of internal affairs officials in reviewing incoming incident reports that do not contain elements of a crime, for the subsequent decision to include the incident report and its review materials in the nomenclature file attached to the register of applications and reports of crimes, administrative offenses, and incidents. This study examines the need to improve the procedure for reviewing incident reports received by territorial divisions of internal affairs agencies that do not contain information on the elements of a crime, taking into account current conditions characterized by a significant number of citizen complaints and staffing shortages within internal affairs agencies. The objective of the study is to develop proposals for optimizing the procedure for reviewing incident reports that do not contain elements of a crime. The methodological basis of this work is formed by a group of general scientific and specialized methods, including dialectical, formal-legal, statistical, sociological, predictive, as well as induction and deduction. Scope of application of the results, novelty. It is proposed to exclude investigators from reviewing incident reports received by internal affairs agencies that lack data indicating elements of a crime. The optimal reviewers for incident reports lacking elements of a crime are identified. The tools and procedures for reviewing incident reports lacking elements of a crime, as stipulated by departmental legal regulation based on criminal procedure legislation, are proposed. These procedures are intended to facilitate the subsequent decision on including the incident report and its review materials in the nomenclature file attached to the register of applications and reports of crimes, administrative offenses, and incidents. These proposals do not require changes to criminal procedure legislation, are consistent with departmental regulations, are in line with current realities, and may also harmonize existing practices.
Criminal liability for assault and battery and crimes against physical integrity under the legislation of the Russian Federation, the USA and England: a comparative legal analysis
The subject of this study is the criminal law regulation of liability for battery and other violations of bodily integrity in Russia, the United States, and the United Kingdom. The analysis covers the specific features of the legal definition of battery, including its objective and subjective elements, the criteria for distinguishing it from other violent acts, and the specific characteristics of the qualifying circumstances. Special attention is given to the concept of "physical pain" and its interpretation in Russian law, where there is a lack of a clear legal definition, which creates difficulties in law enforcement practice. The comparative aspect of the study reveals differences in the understanding of battery: while the Russian system focuses on causing pain without harm to health, English and American law encompasses a broader range of illegal actions, including non-painful touching. Additionally, the analysis explores the role of motives, ranging from hooliganism to racial or religious hatred, which serve as both a constructive element and a qualifying factor in different legal systems. The research is based on the dialectical method of cognition, as well as general scientific and specific scientific methods: analysis and synthesis, formal-logical, comparative-legal, and systemic research methods. The scientific novelty of the work lies in identifying conceptual differences between domestic and foreign regulation of beatings. The study found that Russian legislation has a narrower interpretation of violent acts compared to the legal systems of England and the United States. The analysis revealed the need to clarify a number of legal concepts in Russian criminal law. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using its results to improve the criminal legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of regulating liability for crimes against the physical integrity of an individual. The novelty of the study lies in a comprehensive comparative analysis of three different legal systems and the identification of promising areas for the development of Russian criminal law. The author concludes that it is necessary to expand the list of qualifying features in Article 116 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, to include elements of protection against psychological violence in Russian legislation, and to clarify the wording of key concepts. Specific mechanisms for improving legislation have been proposed, taking into account the successful foreign experience in regulating this category of crimes.
Prohibition of Illegal Circulation of Arms in the Legislation of the Russian Federation: Historical Analysis and Current Trends
The article presents a comprehensive analysis of the legal regulation of the prohibition of illegal arms trafficking in Russia, covering the historical period from pre-revolutionary times to the present. The study is based on an analysis of normative legal acts from various historical periods, judicial practice materials, and statistical data. The aim of the research is to identify patterns in the development of legislation in the field of arms control and to determine current trends in law enforcement practice. Special attention is given to the evolution of legal norms regulating liability for illegal arms trafficking, as well as to the mechanisms of state control in this area. The work examines key stages in the formation of arms legislation, the specifics of legal regulation during the Soviet period, and modern approaches to addressing the problem of illegal trafficking. The methodological foundation of the study includes formal-legal, historical-legal, comparative-legal, and statistical methods, as well as methods of analysis, induction, and deduction. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the systematization of historical experience in the legal regulation of arms trafficking and the identification of promising directions for improving existing legislation. The author analyzes the effectiveness of existing legal mechanisms and suggests ways to optimize them. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of using the results obtained to improve legislation in the field of arms control and enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement practice. The author proposes a new perspective on the periodization of the historical development of the prohibition of illegal arms trafficking, and to achieve this goal, ancient monuments of Russian legislation are examined. Special attention is given to studying the issue of the subject of illegal arms trafficking. The author substantiates the position that considering weapons of mass destruction as a subject of illegal arms trafficking is inappropriate. Furthermore, the author, using statistical data, analyzes the biased nature of the issues at hand in detail.
The vehicle confiscation as a reaction against the road safety crimes
The subject of this article is the application of legal provisions on vehicle confiscation in the case of crimes covered by Articles 264.1-264.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation on administrative prejudice. The importance and focus of the study of the presented issues arising in the process of regulating and applying in practice the rules on vehicle confiscation in the commission of crimes against road safety and transport operation are determined by statistical indicators demonstrating the demand for such a criminal law measure as property confiscation in judicial practice. The primary objective of the study is to determine the relevance of resolving key issues regarding the nature and purposes of vehicle confiscation in the commission of crimes against road safety and transport operation. The study's use of the dialectical method also allowed to uncover the patterns of functioning of the property confiscation, including vehicle confiscation, at the current stage of the development of criminal law relations in the field of crime prevention. The study also employed such scientific analytical methods as generalization, comparison, logical method, statistical research method, and others. The study's results led the author to conclude that vehicle confiscation is currently an effective form of criminal liability enforcement and an effective measure to prevent crimes committed against road safety and transport operations. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the author's conclusion that vehicle confiscation is currently an effective form of criminal liability enforcement, as evidenced by statistical data from the Judicial Department of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation for 2020–2024. The courts apply criminal procedural measures in the form of confiscation of property (Article 104.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) what led to a decrease in the number of registered road accidents committed by drivers under the influence of alcohol (-13,036 accidents), both in the Russian Federation as a whole (-2%) and in Moscow (-1.6%) in 2020–2024.
Criminal law characteristics of the subjective side of crimes related to violations of traffic rules: the correlation of intent and negligence in the context of operating vehicles with automated driving systems
The subject of the research is the transformation of the subjective aspect of the crime defined by Article 264 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the context of the introduction of automated vehicle control systems of various levels of autonomy. The evolution of the driver's mental attitude towards the act committed and its consequences is analyzed when management functions are delegated to artificial intelligence, the issue of distinguishing intent from negligence in the context of hybrid control modes is explored, and the phenomenon of distributed responsibility between the human operator and the automated system is examined. The relevance of the chosen subject is determined by the rapid development and widespread adoption of active assistance systems and automation in transportation, which fundamentally changes the mechanisms of interaction between humans and vehicles. Classical criminal law approaches, based on the belief that the driver fully controls the driving process and bears personal responsibility for violations, face new challenges as part of the control functions shift to technical systems. The methodological basis of the study consists of a formal-legal method for analyzing the current criminal legislation and law enforcement practices, a comparative-legal method for studying foreign experience in regulating liability for road traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles, and a system-structural method for identifying gaps in legal regulation and formulating proposals for improving criminal law. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the conceptualization of a new type of subjective attitude towards the automated control systems that does not fit into the classical dichotomy of "intent-negligence." The necessity of differentiating criminal liability depending on the level of vehicle automation and the mode of control at the time of the offense is justified. Specific proposals are formulated for supplementing the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation with a special provision that provides for responsibility for violations of the rules for operating vehicles with automated control systems, as well as for modifying the conceptual apparatus of criminal law in relation to new technological realities. Based on the analysis of foreign models for regulating liability for traffic accidents involving autonomous vehicles, adapted recommendations for improving Russian criminal legislation are proposed, which significantly increases the practical value of the research and contributes to the integration of Russian legal norms into the global context.
Joint investigative teams are an effective form of international cooperation in criminal investigations.
The fight of law enforcement agencies against transnational crime requires strengthening and improving the legal mechanisms for international cooperation, as well as seeking new forms of interaction that allow not only for the successful investigation of crimes by identifying the individuals responsible but also for obtaining legally valid evidence. The article analyzes the norms of international treaties to which the Russian Federation is a party, containing provisions on the creation and operation of joint investigative (operational) teams, as well as the opinions of a number of scholars studying the issue in question. The author expresses the assumption based on the existing law enforcement practices developed by the Investigative Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, emphasizing the content of the document that records the parties' intention to create a joint international group for the investigation of interrelated crimes. The necessity of their implementation into Russian legislation is discussed. The scientific study employs systemic, historical-legal, legal, comparative-legal methods, and the method of judicial (legal) statistics. The main conclusions of the author highlight the need to issue a legal act that has the characteristics of international agreements (accords, resolutions) and procedural documents for the normative formalization of the decision by competent authorities of foreign states to create a joint investigative (operational) team. The procedure (possibility) for establishing a joint investigative team should also be regulated in the criminal procedure law, defining the rights and obligations of the parties, as well as the right of participants in the criminal process to familiarize themselves with the said decision. The author's position is based on the established law enforcement practice resulting from the creation of three joint investigative operational teams between the Investigative Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia and the competent authorities of the Republic of Belarus and the Republic of Tajikistan, supported by the results of a thorough examination of the provisions of relevant international treaties and the legislation of foreign states.
The concept and content of criminological counteraction to youth extremis
The subject of the research is a comprehensive analysis of criminological counteraction to youth extremism as a systemic socio-legal phenomenon. The paper examines in detail the conceptual foundations of this counteraction, including its essential characteristics, regulatory and legal support and organizational mechanisms of implementation. Special attention is paid to the specifics of the determination of youth extremism in modern conditions, the interrelation of socio-economic, psychological and informational factors contributing to the spread of extremist manifestations among young people is considered. The subject of the study analyzes the system of subjects of prevention, their competence and forms of interaction, as well as the effectiveness of applied measures of general and special criminological prevention. A separate aspect is the study of the victimological component and the specifics of the use of preventive technologies in the digital environment. The purpose of the work is to conceptualize the concept and revise the content of criminological counteraction to youth extremism in modern conditions through the identification of systemic relationships between its elements. The methodology is based on the application of system-structural and intersectoral approaches, combining methods of comparative legal, formal-logical and criminological analysis, which made it possible to study the object as an integral phenomenon. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the development of a comprehensive concept of criminological counteraction to youth extremism, integrating victimological and preventive approaches. For the first time, a classification of the factors of victimization of youth in the digital environment has been proposed with the allocation of three levels: personal-psychological, socio-environmental and technological. A typology of victims of extremist recruitment has been developed, taking into account the transformation of their status from an object of manipulation to a subject of illegal activity. The necessity of differentiating the legal regulation of preventive activities depending on the stages of personal radicalization is substantiated. The conclusions of the study indicate the systemic nature of the determination of youth extremism, which requires the transformation of public policy from a power paradigm to a comprehensive risk management model. The key conclusion is the need to reallocate resources in favor of primary prevention based on early identification of risk groups and neutralization of destructive content in the digital environment. The effectiveness of creating a multi-level system of re-socialization with the involvement of social educators, psychologists and former members of extremist communities has been proven. The practical significance of the findings is confirmed by the possibility of their use in the development of departmental programs of the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, as well as in the formation of regional strategies for the prevention of radicalization.
The application of artificial intelligence technologies in law enforcement activities
The subject of this article's are scientific studies dedicated to the use of artificial intelligence in various aspects of human life in general, and its application in law enforcement activities in particular. The focus of this study is a comprehensive legal assessment of the potential application of artificial intelligence technologies in law enforcement activities, as well as the identification of legal and organizational issues arising during their implementation and practical application. The importance of the research is determined by the necessity for a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the possibilities for broader integration of artificial intelligence technologies in law enforcement activities. The author analyzes the existing scientific works in the Russian legal reality that explore the potential applications of artificial intelligence within the law enforcement system, highlights several areas of using artificial intelligence in law enforcement agencies, identifies problems arising from the use of modern intellectual technologies, and offers recommendations for overcoming these challenges. The methodology of the research consists of regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, as well as the works of Russian scholars. Both general scientific and specialized research methods were employed in the article. The novelty of the research lies in the author's comprehensive approach to the examined issue, the attempt to systematize the existing scientific experience of Russian scholars, and the formulation of recommendations regarding the studied problem. As a result of the research, the author reaches the following conclusions: the study of the use of artificial intelligence in law enforcement activities cannot be fragmented; it must be conducted within a cohesive interdisciplinary approach that allows for the development of a scientifically grounded concept of the functioning of intelligent systems in law enforcement activities; the regulatory framework governing the procedure for the implementation and operation of algorithmic technologies must be characterized by a high degree of legal certainty, internal coherence, and completeness, excluding the possibility of ambiguous interpretation of the conditions and limits of using artificial intelligence in criminal law relations; the digital transformation of the law enforcement system should be proactive rather than reactive; a significant condition for the effective functioning of intelligent technologies is the creation of a reliable infrastructure for data storage, processing, and protection, which includes technical, organizational, and legal mechanisms for ensuring information security, as well as the continuous updating of data sets and the integration of software complexes used.
Artificial intelligence as a means of ensuring security in the crime prevention system
The application of artificial intelligence in law enforcement plays an important role today in addressing the challenges faced by officers, namely in the fight against crime and the prevention of offenses. This study focuses on the promising areas of AI usage, including data analysis, facial recognition, crime prediction, audio material examination, and the detection of economic crimes online. The aim of the research is to highlight the problems and risks associated with the use of AI in the law enforcement sphere, such as ethical issues, violation of citizens' privacy, abuse of AI capabilities by officers, among others, and to explore potential solutions, as well as to examine the prospects for the development and application of AI in combating crime, solving crimes, and locating individuals, its regulation, and legal support in law enforcement under existing legislation. The methodological framework of this work consists of a group of general scientific and special methods, including dialectical, normative-legal, statistical, sociological, predictive, as well as induction and deduction. The novelty of the conducted research lies in: firstly, substantiating the need to transition from framework strategies and "regulatory sandboxes" to a stable special law on AI in the law enforcement sphere, proposing key elements of such legislation; secondly, proposing a mechanism for independent ethical and legal oversight and a procedure for public transparency without disclosing algorithmic details; and thirdly, formulating criteria for the admissibility and proportionality of using AI in law enforcement activities. Thus, this study proposes a comprehensive analysis of the use of AI in law enforcement, particularly in combating crime, its detection, and prevention. This tool, in the hands of knowledgeable and highly qualified personnel, will help efficiently, quickly, and resourcefully resolve the tasks faced by authorities.
Economic aspects of the labor adaptation of convicted individuals: systemic limitations and ways to overcome them
In the context of large-scale digitalization of the economy and the rapid transformation of the labor market structure, the institution of labor adaptation for convicts acquires critical, strategic importance for ensuring their successful resocialization and, consequently, reducing the level of recidivism. This article is dedicated to a comprehensive and multifaceted study of the systemic dysfunctions observed both in the field of legal regulation and in the practical organization of labor activities of individuals serving a sentence of imprisonment. Its goal is to conduct an in-depth analysis and identify key determinants that hinder the formation of professional competencies among convicts that are in demand in the modern labor market. Based on the conducted research, the authors develop conceptual directions for modernizing the penal and labor legislation, as well as propose specific organizational and economic mechanisms for integrating the penitentiary production system into new economic realities. Using formal-legal, comparative-legal, and statistical methods, key barriers to effective labor rehabilitation have been identified, including the outdated material and technical base of penitentiary productions, the lack of mechanisms for forming digital competencies, a demotivating level of wages, and institutional barriers to post-penitentiary employment. The research conducted has made it possible to formulate a set of legislative proposals aimed at creating a coherent system for stimulating the labor resocialization of convicts. The developed innovations include amendments to the Tax, Penal Enforcement, and Labor Codes of the Russian Federation, as well as employment legislation. Key elements of the proposed system include tax incentives and measures of state support for investors modernizing the production infrastructure in penal institutions. At the same time, it is proposed to enshrine at the legislative level the institution of job quotas for individuals released from places of confinement. The implementation of these measures is intended to enhance the economic motivation of employers, create additional legal opportunities for the employment of convicts and released citizens, and, consequently, increase the overall effectiveness of their reintegration into society under modern economic conditions.
Criminal law mechanisms for combating illegal drug trafficking in the legislation of Russia and India
The subject of the study is the criminal law response to the illegal circulation of narcotic substances conducted at the national level in the Russian Federation and the Republic of India. The object of the study includes not only legislative models but also the real law enforcement practices of the two countries in this area, which allows for an assessment of the effectiveness and direction of legal norms. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the initial legal paradigms, criteria for criminalization and differentiation of liability, including legislative systems for classifying quantities of drugs. The legal qualification of consumption and storage, types and severity of established sanctions, including exceptional punitive measures, as well as institutional mechanisms such as treatment, rehabilitation, and confiscation of property, are also analyzed. Special attention is paid to a comprehensive comparative analysis of the repressive potential of legislation, identifying the imbalance between declared goals and actual punitive orientation, as well as assessing the search for a balance between coercive and medical-social approaches in the formation of national drug policies. The basis of the research is a comparative legal method used for the systematic comparison of legislative norms, legal constructions, and law enforcement trends. The analysis also relies on a formal-legal method and includes elements of critical analysis of statistical data and scientific literature. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the comprehensive comparative legal analysis of Russian and Indian anti-drug legislation, which reveals not only formal differences but also profound similarities in the repressive orientation of both systems, masked by different legal techniques. The main conclusion of the work is the assertion of the dominance of the punitive paradigm in both countries, despite the declared commitment to comprehensive approaches. This is manifested in the focus on criminal prosecution of consumers, low thresholds of responsibility, widespread application of strict sanctions, and the marginal role of treatment and rehabilitation mechanisms. The study demonstrates that India implements this paradigm through direct criminalization of consumption and the retention of the death penalty, while Russia utilizes an indirect model that ties responsibility to the possession of minimal quantities. A common systemic problem recognized is the overload of the criminal justice system with cases of consumers at the expense of combating organized crime.
The concept of interaction between the investigator and the inquiry authorities: tasks, goals, principles of interaction
The subject of the research is the organization of interaction between investigators and inquiry bodies in criminal proceedings. The object of the study is the practice of joint activities of the specified subjects in the investigation of criminal cases. The author examines in detail such aspects as the regulatory and legal foundations of interaction, the specifics of the investigative situation, tactical techniques, and the effectiveness of interdepartmental cooperation. The article discusses the concept, goals, tasks, and principles of interaction between investigators and inquiry bodies in criminal proceedings. Special attention is given to defining the essence of interaction as coordinated activities aimed at achieving common goals of criminal proceedings. Factors influencing the organization of interaction are emphasized: autonomy and subordination of divisions, differences in regulatory and legal regulation, specifics of the investigative situation, and forensic features. Definitions of interaction formulated by various scholars are provided, highlighting the significance of the regulatory framework and tactical aspects. Specific cases of interaction are analyzed, such as conducting joint activities in investigating crimes. Approaches to interaction are defined, emphasizing the administrative and procedural-authoritative nature of relationships between divisions. The research method involved comparative analysis of legal norms regulating the interaction of investigators and inquiry bodies, studying scientific literature and judicial practice. Methods of interpreting legislative acts and summarizing the experience of law enforcement activities were used. The main conclusions include recommendations for improving the mechanism of interaction between investigators and inquiry bodies, aimed at optimizing the procedure for attracting necessary resources and enhancing the quality of preliminary investigative actions. The novelty of the study lies in the identified features of the influence of forensic characteristics of a case on the choice of specific forms and methods of interaction among participants in the criminal process. The main goal of interaction is defined as the consolidation of law enforcement efforts to combat crime through optimal distribution of resources and powers. The application area of the findings covers the improvement of the practice of interaction between investigators and inquiry bodies, increasing the effectiveness of pre-trial production, and enhancing the quality of decisions made. The conclusions are aimed at assisting law enforcement agencies in optimizing coordination of activities and improving the level of professional training of staff.
Civil Claims in Criminal Proceedings in Russia: Practical Issues and Ways to Improve
The subject of the research is the institution of civil claim in the Russian criminal process as a synthesis of private law and public law principles. The object of the research consists of legal relations arising in connection with the submission and examination of claims for property restitution and compensation for moral harm within the framework of criminal proceedings. The author thoroughly examines aspects of the topic such as the concept, subject, and grounds for a civil claim in a criminal case, the specifics of the composition of the parties involved, as well as the procedural advantages for the victim, including exemptions on state duty and the definition of jurisdiction. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the limited nature of the subject of the claim, which excludes from joint consideration regression, counterclaims, and other requirements that go beyond the immediate harm caused by the crime. Additionally, the distribution of the burden of proof, which is largely placed on the prosecution, is explored. The study employs general scientific and specific scientific methods: formal-logical, comparative-legal, systematic analysis of legislation and judicial practice, as well as the method of interpreting legal norms. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the comprehensive analysis of systemic problems of legal regulation and law enforcement practice related to the civil claim in criminal proceedings, as well as in the justification of specific proposals for its improvement. As key conclusions, the author asserts that, despite the declared advantages (procedural economy, benefits for the victim), the institution is characterized by serious shortcomings. These include the fragmentary nature of the norms in the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, the vulnerability of the victim's position when the prosecutor refuses to prosecute, contradictory practices of so-called “resolution of the claim on the merits” with the transfer of the issue of the amount of compensation to civil court, as well as gaps in the regulation of notifying the plaintiff. The study demonstrates the feasibility of maintaining the institution while pointing to the necessity of its precise reform. The main ways of improvement are seen in legislative strengthening of guarantees for the rights of civil plaintiffs, detailing procedural aspects, and actively utilizing the guiding role of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation to achieve a balance between procedural economy and effective protection of victims' rights.
AI as a criminogenic factor: issues of qualification and investigation tactics
The article addresses the problem of the lack of a comprehensive, proactive legal response based on a deep understanding of technological risks, enabling law enforcement agencies to maintain effectiveness in the new digital reality and ensure national security protection. The subject of the research is the norms of domestic legislation regulating relations arising from the use of artificial intelligence (AI). The aim of the study is to identify criminal law and forensic gaps in combating crimes related to AI technologies and to develop specific measures to address them. Based on the analysis of departmental statistics from the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation, and judicial practice, the growing gap between the technological capabilities of criminals and the adequacy of existing legal mechanisms is demonstrated. As a result of the systematization of threats, an author's classification of AI systems has been proposed based on the degree of autonomy, application area, and level of risk, serving as a basis for a differentiated legal approach. The methodology includes: 1) formal-legal and comparative legal analysis; 2) sociological-legal methods; 3) legal technique methods (construction of hypotheses, dispositions, sanctions); 4) forensic methods for modeling crime commission methods and investigation tactics. A set of general scientific and specialized scientific methods has been used: dialectical, formal-legal, comparative-legal, system-structural, and predictive methods. The scientific novelty lies in the development of a criminally relevant definition of AI, the identification of specific qualification issues (attribution, subject of responsibility, causal connection), and the justification of a set of tactical and forensic recommendations and legislative innovations aimed at forming adequate tools for investigative bodies. Key conclusions: 1) the current norms of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Chapter 28, Article 159 of the Criminal Code) are insufficient for qualifying the autonomous actions of AI; 2) new offenses are necessary (for example, "Creation of a malicious AI system") and qualifying features; 3) legislative consolidation of procedures for the seizure and examination of algorithmic models as physical evidence is required; 4) a risk-oriented federal law on AI should become the basis for systemic counteraction, establishing requirements for the safety, transparency, and auditing of high-risk systems.
The practice of applying vehicle confiscation as a criminal law measure to combat traffic crimes
The author studied the features of legislative regulation and law enforcement practices regarding the confiscation of a vehicle as another measure of criminal law applied in connection with the commission of crimes provided for in articles 264.1–264.3 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (hereinafter - CC RF). Despite the relatively recent consolidation in criminal law of the grounds for the forced gratuitous seizure of a vehicle used in the commission of repeated serious violations of traffic rules by a person subject to administrative punishment or having a criminal record, the courts of the Russian Federation have developed sufficient practices for applying this measure of criminal law. Within the framework of law enforcement activities, a number of problematic issues have been identified, due to the lack of uniform practice among the courts in applying the provisions established in paragraph "d" of part 1 of article 104.1 of the CC RF. In addition, in the context of analyzing the outlined issues, controversial situations regarding the question of confiscation of a vehicle are examined. The methodological basis of the research consists of general scientific methods: synthesis, induction, and generalization. Using the formal-legal method, an analysis of the norms of domestic criminal legislation regulating the grounds and conditions for the application of vehicle confiscation has been conducted. The method of legal modeling has allowed for the formulation of specific proposals to improve another measure of criminal law in the form of vehicle confiscation. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification of contradictions arising in the process of applying another measure of criminal law - the vehicle confiscation. The result of the work is the development of scientifically grounded proposals aimed at eliminating the contradictions, improving the mechanism of confiscation, and increasing its effectiveness in the context of preventing repeated road traffic crimes. It is concluded that the collection of a monetary amount equivalent to the market value of the vehicle used in the commission of crimes provided for in articles 264.1–264.3 of the CC RF and owned by other individuals or legal entities negates the potential advantages arising from the use of someone else's property, including based on a short-term rental agreement (car sharing), at the moment of committing road traffic crimes.
Application of punishment for arbitrariness: analysis of practice and ways of optimization
The article is dedicated to analyzing the practice of sentencing for the commission of self-will (Article 330 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation) in the Russian Federation, identifying problems and contradictions in the application of various types of punishments provided for by the sanctions of this article, and developing ways to optimize them. The results of the research revealed a number of significant issues, including a tendency for courts to unjustifiably lower the assessment of the social danger of self-will, evidenced by the imposition of fines below the minimum limit and the widespread use of suspended sentences, even in cases of violent self-will. Cases of imposing actual punishments for non-violent self-will were noted, while for violent actions qualified under Part 2 of Article 330 of the Criminal Code, a suspended sentence is applied. A formalism in the courts' approaches to determining the obligations imposed on those sentenced to probation was identified. The methodological basis of the research is a dialectical approach and various methods of scientific cognition used in jurisprudence: systemic and formal-logical methods. Along with theoretical research methods, methods of analysis and synthesis were applied. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the identification of the imbalance in the application of various types of punishments for self-will and substantiation of the need to optimize sentencing practices. The conclusions and recommendations proposed in the article aim at expanding the sanctions of Part 2 of Article 330 of the Criminal Code with types of punishment not related to imprisonment, such as corrective and compulsory labor, as well as tightening the requirements regarding the content of obligations imposed on those sentenced to probation, to enhance the effectiveness of suspended sentences as a measure of criminal law influence. The necessity for a more objective approach to determining the degree of social danger of each specific act when imposing punishment for self-will is emphasized. The implementation of these measures will enhance the effectiveness of criminal law impact and ensure justice in sentencing for self-will.