卷 19, 编号 4 (2022)
Articles
Calculation of transportation and operation indicators of an improved flat raft unit
摘要
The implementation of the transportation of wood through the water bodies of the Russian Federation by specialized transport and technological schemes operating on the basis of flat units requires reducing the cost of their manufacture. An improved flat raft unit manufactured in a special bundling machine is considered. A proposed flat raft design features the connection of round timber rows laid perpendicular to each other with flexible links. The extreme logs of the first (lower) and third rows, as well as the second and fourth rows must be fastened with clamps. This allows reducing the cost of manufacturing a flat raft unit with high rigidity, and consequently, the raft wave resistance of the structure. The authors propose a method for calculating the main transport and operational indicators of an improved raft unit that will ensure water logging planning in flat raft units and its safe practicing. They present the calculation of the overall dimensions of the flat raft unit, its wood content volume, stacking factor, buoyancy coefficient, coefficients of draft, wave resistance, stiffness, strength, and floating implements expenditure. Each of these indicators is calculated taking into account the design features of the improved flat raft unit, its external dimensions, the size of the round timber used, floating wood density and all external forces acting on the raft unit during its operation. These indicators allow the initial planning of timber transportation through water bodies and the efficiency of wood rafting is calculated on the basis of an improved flat raft unit. Wood rafting based on the proposed improved flat raft unit with a preliminary calculation of its main transportation and operation indicators according to the presented methodology will make it possible to put small and medium-sized rivers into operation, thereby ensuring the implementation of a full cycle of wood supplies to consumers by water transportation.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(4):1-22
1-22
Mathematical modeling of the assessment of the degree of vegetation coverage of the territories of infrastructure facilities
摘要
Removal of growing undesirable vegetation is often performed to properly maintain linear infrastructure facilities (easement areas for roads and railways, shelterbelts for power lines, gas, oil and product pipelines, and others). The authors of the article found that when these operations are organized and performed their quality is not assessed in a proper way. The existing methods and practices for assessing the quality of removal undesirable vegetation operations fail to provide an objective judgment on the effectiveness of activities to clear the infrastructure facilities areas from this vegetation. The density indicator of vegetation growing on an area of 1 hectare is almost universally used as an evaluation criterion. The authors revealed that this indicator features a high degree of subjectivity and does not provide adequate assessment of the degree of trees and shrubs vegetation colonization on the surveyed area. The aim of the study was to develop a mathematical model to assess the degree of infrastructural facilities coverage with undesirable vegetation and to substantiate a criterion that allows assessing the quality of work performed to remove this vegetation. The developed mathematical model takes into account previously identified characteristics of growing vegetation (plants number, crown projection area) and parameters of the surveyed area (studied area acreage and the actual area where vegetation was removed) and other parameters. As an output indicator of the developed mathematical model the authors proposed to use the criterion of non-project coverage of territories with undesirable vegetation. The article presents an example of assessing the quality of operations for vegetation removing from the easement areas of railways for a number of initial data. The criterion developed by the authors for non-project coverage of the territories of linear infrastructure facilities with undesirable trees and shrubs vegetation may be used when organizing vegetation removal to justify the use of the necessary system of machines and mechanisms. The criterion may be applied to assess the quality of cleaning the infrastructure facilities areas from undesirable vegetation.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(4):23-41
23-41
Determination of the characteristics of the soil flow formed by a forest fire truck using optical recognition and optical measurement methods
摘要
Conducting field experimental research is an integral part of the development and research of agricultural and forestry tools. Ground-throwing equipment used to extinguish and prevent forest ground fires is undergoing a number of theoretical and laboratory-field studies. From the moment of separation by the milling working body until the moment it meets the edge of the forest ground fire, the soil is in flight in the form of fragments moving in the air under the influence of the laws of aerodynamics and opposing forces. A significant increase in the computing power of computers, the development of the modeling process, as well as the improvement of algorithms provided an opportunity to increase progress in the application of computer vision and optical measurement methods in scientific research. The purpose of the work is to determine the characteristics of the movement of the soil flow in the air by the methods of optical recognition and optical measurement from the video sequence. To achieve the goal of the study, it is necessary to identify the most effective method of optical recognition, which makes it possible to separate the flow of soil from the background with high reliability and develop a mathematical apparatus that allows, for each frame of the video recording of the field experiment, to determine the characteristics of the flow of soil formed by forest fire ground-throwing equipment. In the course of scientific research, we have tested five main methods of optical recognition by video sequence to determine the most effective method for separating the image of the soil flow from background images (trees, branches, grass, etc.): separation by color, separation by brightness, combination methods by colors and brightness, determining the background image (preliminary or by averaging a set of video frames) and separating moving objects on a video frame from the background, highlighting areas of frames blurred in motion. Analysis of the methods showed that the combined color-brightness method is the most effective for achieving the goal set in the work. Based on the shape of the trajectory of the soil flow, it was found that the forest fire soil thrower delivers the soil flow at an angle of 35º to the horizon with an initial speed of 14 m/s, while the distance of throwing the soil is 11 m. As the soil flow moves, the speed first decreases from 14 m/s to 6 m/s due to the flight of the soil upwards and the transition of kinetic energy into potential energy, then increases from 6 m/s to 8 m/s as the soil falls to the surface due to the transition of potential energy into kinetic energy. The angle of subsidence of soil particles on the surface is about 73° to the horizon, which favors extinguishing the edge of a forest ground fire.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(4):42-63
42-63
Methodology and results of experimental studies of the impact of forest machines with a tracked mover on the soils of slopes
摘要
When working on slopes, wheeled forest machines (harvesters, forwarders, skidders) with winches built into the transmission are usually equipped with removable tracks to improve stability and operating efficiency. When machine systems including special self-propelled winches operate on even on steep slopes, tracked feller-buncher machines work effectively. Therefore, to study the forest machines with caterpillar mover impact on the soils of mountain logging sites is quite relevant. The presented work is focused on laboratory experimental verification of previously performed theoretical research results. Taking into account the obtained results, at the present stage of the research it was planned to perform experimental research based on geometrical simulation (1:15, the coefficient for recalculation of linear parameters k=15). The original laboratory testing unit was assembled at the Department "Technology and equipment of forestry complex" of the Arctic State Agrotechnological University. As a result of statistical processing of the experimental data obtained it was found that deviations of theoretical values of the soil bearing capacity under the influence of the tracked mover were within 13% and did not exceed the limits associated with errors in the experimental determination of this value. Deviations of theoretical values of permissible average pressure of the tracked mover on the ground were within 14% and did not exceed the limits related to the errors of experimental determination of this value.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(4):64-84
64-84
DEVELOPMENT OF A FOREST EARLY DETECTION SYSTEM FIRES USING UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
摘要
For most of the world, wildfires continue to bea serious problem. There are now many ways to deal with them, and they are all mainly aimed at reducing the damage caused by fires using early detec-tion methods. According to the estimates of the Federal Forestry Agency, on average, the amount of damage from forest fires per year is about 20 billion rubles, of which from 3 to 7 billion is damage to forestry (wood loss). The article discusses the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for regular pa-trolling of potentially dangerous areas of fire distribution, using the advantages of artificial intelligence (AI) and the ability to self-process the information received. This allows UAVs to use computer vision techniques to detect smoke or fire, based on information received from their video cameras
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(4):85-101
85-101
Mathematical model for determining the total cost of forest land resources taking into account the level of development of the forest transport network
摘要
In modern economic conditions the principles of sustainable development of forest fund territories impose the industry to ensure multi-purpose, rational, continuous, inexhaustible forest management. It is obvious that one of the key factors in achieving sustainable forest management is the efficiency of managing the value of forest benefits as objects of national wealth. This circumstance makes it necessary to determine the value of a forest resources total cost indicator. The transport network on the territory of the forest fund (TNFF) is of decisive importance as it provides both forest use and converts the value of forest resources into a part of the gross proceeds from their sale. Consequently, the transport accessibility of forest lands is the main factor in assessment of the resource potential of the forest fund territories. Thus, one of the key tasks is to develop models to determine the value of the total value of forest benefits basing on an integrated approach in the context of multipurpose forest management and taking into account the level of the forest transport network development. This article analyzes the main methodological approaches to the general economic assessment of forest resources. The analysis revealed that the existing methods for assessing the total value of forest benefits are mainly focused on the use of mature and overmature forests. Other types of forest use and the so-called "insignificant benefits of forests" are either not taken into account, as well as the level of development of the transport network, or the methods of their accounting are not sufficiently developed. Therefore the resource potential of forest areas might be underestimated, which in turn may lead to the loss of forest areas that are valuable both economically and ecologically. In this regard, the development of a complex model for calculating the total economic value of forest benefits in a dynamic setting, which takes into account the level of development of the transport network on the territory of the forest fund and is based on the ecological and economic criterion, is becoming an urgent scientific direction. The methodological apparatus presented in the article is based on economic and mathematical modeling in the context of the combinatorial approach taking into account the dynamics of input parameters. The model is presented with a detailed description of all dependencies included; the advantages of its use are noted.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(4):102-117
102-117