Volume 19, Nº 2 (2022)
Articles
Modern systems of machinery and technologies for timber harvesting and reforestation in mountain forests
Resumo
In many countries of the world quite large reserves of forest resources are located on mountain slopes. Such natural and production conditions are typical for the Far East of the Russian Federation, many countries of the Asia-Pacific region (APR), including the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the USA, a number of European countries (Czech Republic, Austria, etc.). Harvesting and reforestation activities in mountainous areas significantly reduce productivity and increase risks for people and machinery, unless specially adapted machinery systems and technological processes are used. Machine logging and reforestation operations, including forest exploitation on mountain slopes, are the predominant methods in many industrialized countries of the world. In a number of Asia-Pacific countries, manual labor still prevails in harvesting and reforestation activities. Using special technical means, such as winches integrated into the transmission of forest machines, self-propelled winches, and modern rope units, it is possible to exploit forests efficiently on rather steep slopes. However, the vulnerability of mountain forests ecosystem should be kept in mind because water and wind erosion processes may arise and develop quickly in case of exploitation operations failure. The article deals with modern technical means for logging and reforestation in mountain forests, which may significantly increase the efficiency of these works and minimize the negative environmental consequences. The research was conducted within the framework of the scientific school «Innovative developments in the field of logging industry and forestry» of the Arctic State Agrotechnological University.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(2):1-47
1-47
Reduction of specific downtime of logging equipment in maintenance and repair
Resumo
One of the relevant tasks of scientific research related to the systematic analysis of technical and economic aspects of machines manufacture and operation is to determine their optimal durability. Machine durability affects depreciation rates and the cost ratio planning for new machines and spare parts manufacture. Currently, there is a tendency to increase the optimal service life of machines of the timber industry complex based on the development and provision of scientifically sound standards for resource realization, normalization of cost ratios between the areas of logging equipment manufacture and operation, as well as on the current expenditure of material, labor and money. Thus, extra expenses might be avoided and maximum realization of machine reliability properties with minimal operating costs might be ensured. In this regard, the analysis of existing methods for determining optimal durability is of great importance to improve the efficiency of logging equipment service on the basis of its normalization, forecasting, and customizing to individual timber enterprises operation. The purpose of the work is to improve the processes of maintaining operability and increasing the reliability of parts and assemblies of logging and timber transport machines during operation by reducing the specific downtime of the machine caused by failures and malfunctions. The article presents a mathematical justification of the influence of technological machines resource dependence on the level of total cost per unit. The mathematical model presents a methodology for identifying objectively available reserves and developing scientifically-based measures to improve the reliability of logging and forest transportation equipment as a result of improving the processes of maintaining its operability and optimizing the power of the subsystem.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(2):48-60
48-60
Potential areas of international cooperation between Russia and Finland: survey of forestry services suppliers
Resumo
The article presents the results of research carried out to describe the present situation and identify the improvement directions for the international cooperation in the field of forestry and forest industries on the example of the Republic of Karelia, which has a long border with Finland. The key research priority was the development of small and medium-sized forest businesses. The research was conducted in the form of a survey on the territory of the Republic of Karelia. A total of 53 respondents were interviewed, 34 were contractors-suppliers of forestry services, and the remaining 19 were companies-forest leaseholders. The results of a survey of suppliers of forestry services are described in this article. According to results of the survey, about 15% of the surveyed suppliers of forestry services have experience of operation in Finland today. At the same time, 50% of respondents were interested in operating in Finland in the future. This activity seems attractive despite the fact that 73.5% respondents considered the demands for their services in Russia as high. Most of the respondents qualified the differences in the adopted norms, rules, technologies, documentation, language barrier, remoteness, visa regime and customs restrictions as the barriers hindering the international cooperation. The respondents showed a great interest in information on new equipment, technologies, and production methods provided through trainings and educational courses. As the most promising topics of professional trainings, respondents identified: efficient operation of timber trucks, construction and maintenance of forest roads, maintenance of technological equipment and product quality, logistic management of wood harvesting and forestry, intelligent management systems of forest machinery, forest monitoring, inventory and management, thinning technologies for operators of forest machines.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(2):61-76
61-76
Calculation of a flexible waterproof material strength for flat float units with a stabilized buoyancy reserve
Resumo
The development of timber products water transportation on the territory of the Russian Federation should comply with a number of conditions, one of which is to ensure the environmental safety of operational water bodies. Log drifting has been prohibited on shallow rivers to ensure ecological safety of these rivers. Development of modern float units with high transportation and operational indicators presents an alternative solution for log drifting on small and medium-sized rivers. The authors propose a design of a flat float unit with a stabilized buoyancy reserve that is wrapped in a flexible waterproof material. The flexible waterproof material prevents direct contact of wood with water, provides light draft to the flat-float unit, a stable buoyancy reserve and preserves the quality of the supplied wood. Ensuring high transportation and operational performance of flat float units of stabilized buoyancy is regulated by the correct choice of flexible waterproof material. The authors present a method of calculating the required strength of a flexible waterproof material, where special attention is paid to the options for laying round timber in flat float units. The method accounts for action of external forces on units during their transportation through a water body and moving to coastal warehouses and logs receiving ports. The obtained strength indicators of the flexible waterproof material and the main dependences for determining the forces acting on the flat float units during their operation in various conditions make it possible to determine the mechanical and geometric characteristics of the material required for wrapping the float units. The introduction of modern flat float units design with a stabilized buoyancy reserve for round log drifting with the mandatory use of the presented methodology for calculating flexible waterproof material strength will make it possible to effectively drift these flat float units independently or as part of a raft.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(2):77-102
77-102
Abstract of an article in engineering sciences and its machine translation
Resumo
Abstracts in Russian and English are written according to certain rules. For articles written in Russian, an abstract in English is the only means of informing the global scientific community about the authors’ research results. However, the quality of abstracts in Russian and their translation into English does not always meet the readability criteria and comply with the grammatical, lexical and stylistic rules of the English language. To translate abstracts into English, authors often use machine translation (MT) systems, but they do not always take into account the requirements to the source text quality and limitations inherent in these systems. The author of the article analyzed the structure of abstracts to empirical articles published in the journal “Resources and Technologies” and identified the main structural violations, grammatical, lexical and terminological errors. The author comes to the conclusion that the effective use of MT systems for translating abstracts into English is possible if researchers’ command of the Russian and English languages is at the level sufficient for a concise and unambiguous expression of their thoughts and ideas in accordance with the scientific discourse. The process of the abstract machine translation should include three stages: pre-editing of the original Russian-language text, the translation itself and post-editing of the target text in English. To check the quality of the target text authors can use the tools available on the Internet.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(2):103-117
103-117
Investigation of the parameters of a new multiblock design for resource-saving restoration of oak forests
Resumo
The article examines the influence of technological parameters of the multiblock designed for resource-saving restoration of oak forests in non-uprooted felling on quality indicators. Resource-saving reforestation technologies that avoid uprooting of stumps cause the least harm to the environment and save resources. Disc tools used on non-uprooted clearings ensure the best vehicle cross-country ability . The advantage of wave discs is low resistance and, consequently, low tractive effort thus creating ample opportunities for reducing energy costs. The design of the wave disk, which provides the required quality of a sowing furrow formation and its tillage has been studied. The quality of the sowing furrow was determined by its depth evenness. The depth of tillage was checked in several places along the furrow length and tool operating width. The paper describes the design and principle of operation of an energy-saving multiblock. The wave disk improves the performance standards of modern forestry tillage tools and will allow their competitive advantage enhancement against other forestry tillage machines. As a result of the experimental studies, a regression model of the influence of the unit speed and the depth of the wave disk on the formation of a seed furrow was obtained. The model makes it possible to determine optimal parameters that ensure a high-quality technological process of tillage with the lowest energy costs. The authors have established that the new technology leads to costs reduction if number of technological operations, machines, tools and equipment is decreased as well as seed expenditure.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(2):118-133
118-133
Regression Analysis and Evaluation of Forest Machine Maintainability Factors
Resumo
The paper deals with the estimation of operational factors affecting forest machine maintainability. The main goal of this study is to substantiate and test the order of operational factors estimation using correlation and regression methods. A brief description of statistical methods of operational factor analysis is presented in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper presents the obtained multiple regression equation and determined values of beta coefficients. Operation time of forest machine, staff employment period and servicing base technological infrastructure are accepted as independent variables determining servicing time. The interaction between independent variables and servicing time is presented as a multiple equation of linear regression. Pair correlation coefficients are used as indices of close linkage among the analyzed variable quantities. The system of normal equations is used to determine the regression coefficients of the linear model. The analysis of the obtained regression equation is given in the final part of the paper. The coefficient of determination is used as the accuracy and completeness criterion of factor selection. According to the obtained value of the criterion, it was concluded that the level of completeness of factor selection is sufficiently high. The statistical significance of regression coefficients is verified using Student's test. All considered factors are recognized as significant for servicing time estimation according to the results of verification. Furthermore, operation time of forest machine is recognized as the general maintenance factor affecting the duration of technical impacts. The effects of the staff employment period and the servicing base technological infrastructure differ slightly from each other; however, the servicing base technological infrastructure factor is more significant.
Resources and Technology. 2022;19(2):134-146
134-146