Volume 25, Nº 3 (2025)

Introduction. The article proves the existence of regional value, which is formed taking into account natural, geographical and other features of a particular territory and reflects regional socially necessary labor costs. Theoretical analysis. The concept of “regional value” is disclosed. In relation to Russian reality, the theory of value should take into account the natural and geographical features of individual territories that affect regional socially necessary labor costs per unit of output, which differ significantly across Russia. Empirical analysis. The regional factors influencing the differentiation of individual costs that form regional value are presented. It is proved that out of many factors, it is the population’s level of income and transportation costs that form regional price differences to the greatest extent, and all other factors correlate with them. The article provides data on regional coefficients, northern allowances, the amount of the freight transportation cost, which are included in production costs and in the individual cost of goods or services. Results. The differentiation of regional value is reflected in regional prices, and in the cost of a fixed set of goods and services in general. Taking into account regional cost is necessary for developing effective regional policy and making informed economic decisions.

Introduction. The paper proposes an original author’s approach to the statistical study of income and expenses of Russian residents, based on the presentation of the balance of income and expenses per capita in constant prices of 2023. Theoretical analysis. The calculation is based on the assumption that the possibility of accumulation is the most reliable indicator of the citizens’ financial well-being quality. And the difference between per capita income and expenses reflects the availability of free monetary resources for savings purposes in addition to satisfying ordinary current needs, regardless of their necessity. Еmpirical analysis. The data obtained indicate unevenness of accumulation opportunities in different regions of Russia, which shows significant differentiation in the population’s standard of living. Moreover, the calculation indicates a different plane of measurement of these disproportions in comparison with classical comparisons of income and expenses and the decisive importance of the resource-geographical factor for accumulation opportunities. Results. The application of the author’s approach allowed us to establish that the most prosperous regions in terms of accumulation of funds for the period 2000–2023 in Russia were the Nenets, Yamalo-Nenets and Chukotka Autonomous districts. The outsiders in this list are the Stavropol and Krasnodar regions. Comparison of the balance of income in constant prices of 2023 for 2000 and 2023 allowed us to conclude that the greatest increase was achieved for the already mentioned leading regions. While the result was negative for Kalmykia and Krasnodar region – here the opportunities for accumulation in 2023 were lower than in 2000.

Introduction. Entrepreneurship is one of the main markets of the economy, and the risk of doing business is high. This determines the relevance of creating an entrepreneurial game, the first step towards the implementation of which is the structuring of entrepreneurial activity in the form of a system analysis, which is given in this article. Theoretical analysis. Conceptual differences between a business and an entrepreneurial project are highlighted, the need for a system analysis of entrepreneurial activity is substantiated. Using the outlined main approaches, a system analysis of entrepreneurial projects is carried out: the system is structured into basic elements, structural, functional, resource analyses are carried out, and the understanding of the stages of life cycles is deepened. Results. The main part of the work for the stages of decomposition and analysis within the framework of the methodology for system analysis has been completed. Further steps and tasks have been defined. The qualitative result of the article is the structuring of entrepreneurial activity and a deeper understanding of its essence. The point of the scientific novelty is the models of creating entrepreneurial functions at the stages of the entrepreneurial projects’ life cycle.

Introduction. In modern scientific research, the thought experiment remains relevant in both natural and social sciences. Its use in theoretical legal science is particularly significant, as it compensates for the impossibility of practical verification of hypotheses by real experiment. One of the most striking examples of the application of the thought experiment is Lon Fuller’s “The Case of the Speluncean Explorers”, published in 1949. In the experiment the author simulates a judicial process, imitating a conflict of different approaches to understanding and interpreting law. Theoretical analysis. As part of this thought experiment, Fuller examines the case of the forced murder of a man by a group of speleologists in an emergency situation. The arguments of the five fictional judges demonstrate different doctrinal approaches: formalism, legal process, natural law, legal realism, and an emotional-relativistic approach. This experiment not only raises the question of the nature of justice and moral responsibility, but also reflects the real contradictions in the legal concepts of the mid-20th century. By joining Fuller’s experiment, the reader is forced to solve them independently, which is how the heuristic nature of the methodological tool chosen by the thinker manifests itself. Еmpirical analysis. The authors show that the “The Case of the Speluncean Explorers” is actively used to discuss theoretical and ethical aspects of law. The positions of the judges were analyzed, their strengths and weaknesses were identified. Special attention is paid to the emotional factor that prevents the achievement of a unanimous decision. Results. Fuller’s thought experiment effectively reveals the drama of legal decision-making, stimulates deep reflection on the moral aspects of law, and demonstrates the importance of integrating different approaches for an adequate understanding of the essence of law and justice.

Introduction. The article is devoted to the scientific legacy of the outstanding scientist and politician Sergei Sergeevich Alekseev in the development of the philosophical foundations of the theory of law. His scientific work is a notable phenomenon in the legal life of the country. The founder of the Ural scientific school in the theory of state and law, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, head of the Institute of Philosophy and Law of the Ural Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences, S. S. Alekseev was one of the main developers of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. He played a prominent role in creating the foundations of the rule of law in Russia. Theoretical analysis. The philosophical heritage of the scientist, the philosophical and anthropological doctrine of law, where its extra-legal foundations are identified and its role and significance are rethought, were analyzed. The author’s main provisions on the beginning of initial rights were revealed. The substantiation of the scientific process of the ascent of positive law with the gradual growth of its natural-legal coordinates was considered. The ethno cultural certainty of law was distinguished in the doctrine of S. S. Alekseev, with an appeal to the biological nature of man, his mindset and mentality. Empirical analysis. The modernity of the scientist’s ideas in relation to the present was highlighted. Based on the empirical material of the normative consolidation of the customs of the peoples of the country, the idea of confirming the doctrine of S. S. Alekseev on the conditions of the effectiveness of law, taking into account the philosophical and anthropological component, was substantiated. The connection of the scientist’s doctrine with the current urgent problems of saving the peoples of Russia was established. Results. The philosophical foundations of legal anthropology deepen, concretize and develop knowledge about law as a specific social phenomenon. The philosophical and anthropological aspect makes it possible to discover the dialogic structure of law, where its moral component can be traced. The merit of the scientist in developing the doctrines of not only law as an idea in its universal understanding, but also national law was demonstrated. It was revealed that the value of each legal norm and law will manifest itself if it corresponds to the dynamics of public life and the tasks set for the transformation of society.

Introduction. Recently, the actions of the Bank of Russia have been the subject of close attention of both the professional community and the general public. Against the background of public controversy over their validity and compliance with the strategic development goals of the Russian Federation, the author examines the current trends in the management of the domestic banking system and predicts the potential results of the development of these trends. Theoretical analysis. The study of the main banking operations – lending, attracting funds to deposits, opening and maintaining bank accounts – has been conducted from the point of view of government "interference" in these areas of financial activity. It has been established that in the Russian banking system, as well as in the field of related infrastructure, there is an active substitution of banking services provided by commercial credit organizations with similar financial services provided directly by the Central Bank and the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation (or legal entities controlled by them). Empirical analysis. The study of the regulatory actions taken by the legislator and the Bank of Russia, the analysis of law enforcement practices formed by the highest judicial authorities, as well as the dynamics of bank liquidity show that market competition without concomitant government management influence alone is not capable of improving the quality of banking services. Results. It is noted that commercial banking is gradually being squeezed out of the traditional spheres of its professional activity, which leads to an increasing "nationalization" of the banking system of the Russian Federation. The reasons for the emergence and development of the identified trends have been considered, as well as their subjective author’s assessment has been proposed.

Introduction. Currently, 75% of the population of the Russian Federation live in cities, the vast majority of which are municipalities. All of them are part of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The federal state structure of the Russian Federation, due to the scale of the territory of our country, allows regional government bodies to take into account various features of threats and dangers characteristic of certain subjects of the Federation. In this regard, it seems appropriate to analyze the legal consolidation and practice of implementing the powers of regional authorities in the field of security and to determine the features of its provision depending not only on the specifics of the subjects of the Russian Federation, but also on the legal and factual characteristics of the city. Theoretical analysis. The problems of ensuring regional security have been in the focus of attention of legal scholars for a long time, but the security of cities, which constitute an important part of the territory of the subjects of the Federation, has not been given due attention. The live analysis of the studies devoted to the problems of regional security showed that this level of security is recognized as basic, implemented primarily by government bodies of the subjects of the Federation in all spheres of life established by law. At the same time, attention is focused on the study of various categories of cities and the mutual influence of urban and regional security. Empirical analysis. The regulatory legal acts of the federal and, to a greater extent, regional levels were analyzed. It was shown that, on the basis of legal provisions, government bodies take necessary and possible organizational and managerial measures to ensure the safety of cities. As a result of the study, shortcomings and gaps in legal regulation that have a direct impact on the effectiveness of law enforcement activities of government bodies to ensure the safety of cities were identified, and measures aimed at its improvement were proposed. Results. The author concluded that urban security depends on the legal status of the city and its various parameters: geographical and political location, size of the territory, prospects for development or degradation, primary purpose or multifunctionality, population density, infrastructure development, etc. Taking into account the ongoing processes of urbanization and suburbanization, it can be argued that the problems of ensuring urban security remain relevant and will affect regional and interregional security, and, therefore, their solution at this level of governance is in demand and necessary.