Philosophical Anthropology Today: Sources and Perspectives of Modern Philosophical Personality

The article is devoted to the study of the genesis, problems and prospects for the development of modern philosophical anthropology. The first part of the article studies the difficult situation of philosophy anthropology associated with the spread in European philosophy of the concept of “human death” by M. Foucault, anthropological lines in E. Husserl’s transcendental philosophy, M. Heidegger’s fundamental ontology and structuralist philosophy of language. Based on a large amount of material, the author analyzes the reasons for the insufficiently productive and effective reception and poor development of the philosophical and anthropological project in general and specifically of Max Scheler since the middle of the last century. Dorofeev D.Yu. believes that it is necessary to update and problematize philosophical anthropology by examining its boundaries, conditions and possibilities for implementation, ways of substantiation and understanding, i.e. fruitfully applying the method of human criticism. Therefore, modern studies of the methodological principles of philosophical anthropology are so important and even necessary, examples of which are given in second half of the 20th century by O. Bollnov and H.P. Rickman. It is on this path that a fundamental philosophical and anthropological synthesis can be carried out, which can act as a locomotive for the development of all modern philosophy, about, above all, philosophical anthropology itself. In the second part, the author presents the possible sources and principles of such a synthesis, determined by the fundamentally understood concept of personality. Firstly, the experience of personalistic philosophy of the 20th century, including the philosophy of personality by M. Scheler; secondly, neopatriotic understanding of the personality (for example, in hersplasm or in the writings of V.I. Lossky and Metropolitan John (Zirdoulas); and thirdly, the visual and aesthetic understanding of the human image, associated with the rethinking of the late philosophy of M. Foucault. It is emphasised that the future of philosophical anthropology is connected to the creation of a personalistic ontology and aesthetics of the human image, the actualization of traditional Orthodox principles of understanding a person, and the most active and fruitful response to the most pressing problems of our time.